Disorders of the Nervous System Huntington’s disease

Disorders of the Nervous System: Huntington’s disease Huntington’s disease destroys the organs that carry the functions of the central nervous system. Kalat (2013) states, â€Å"Huntington disease (also known as Huntington disease or Huntington’s Chorea) is a severe neurological disorder that strikes about 1 person in 10,000 in the United States† (A.B. Young, 1995, p. 258).Individual’s develop the symptoms in their middle age, but even if it is a rare disorders juveniles as well as children before the age of ten can develop the disease. Huntington’s disease is hereditary disease that is passed on from a parent. Huntington’s disease is of the lack of the chromosome 4, if one of the parents carries the gene, they can pass that gene to their†¦show more content†¦The mother may decide to conduct a genetic test or speak to her children about the potential risk of inheriting Huntington’s disease, this is an option a family may have knowing the medical genealogy. Symptoms Huntington’s disease may be irreversible but it can be treated with proper treatment may slow down the effects of the disease and medical attention. In children who have symptoms of Huntington’s disease, some of the symptoms would be a rapid deteriorating in school performance, lack of swift movements, behavior changes etc... In Geevasinga et al. (2006) stated, the mother and a teacher reported about the nine-year-old boy beginning to have symptoms and behaviors that the child was having at home and during school. As the disease progressed his behavior was severely compromised: he displayed severe emotional frequent changes and experienced nightmares, agitation, and anxiety which led to other behavior problems (p. 552). Huntington’s disease would affect motor movements such as doing jerks and twitches. Tremors would spread and gradually interfere with walking, speech, and other voluntary movements. Central Nervous System Huntington’s disease begins affecting the organs, it destroys the function of the multiple roles of the nervous system and the brain cells. The disease causes advanced deterioration and loss of brain cells, and contributes to a devastating loss of motor functions followed by advanced cognitive and intellectual impairment. Nervous SystemShow MoreRelatedHuntington s Disease And The Nervous System856 Words   |  4 Pages Huntington’s disease, also known as Huntington’s chorea, is a rare pathology among the nervous system. With fewer than 200,000 US cases per year is an inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over a period of time. This disease will usually start to effect people when they are in their 30s or 40s. Huntington’s usually results in psychiatric symptoms, progressive movement and thinking. No cure to this disease exists but physical therapy, drugs, and talk therapy can help manageRead MoreThe Nervous System, By Caroline Bunker Rosdahl966 Words   |  4 PagesThe nervous system, according to Caroline Bunker Rosdahl, takes what we learn from the outside world and stores the information selectively in our memory to refer back to and to apply to other aspects of our lives. The nervous system also coordinates messages from the internal body systems s o that the body can readjust certain internal environments and external environments constantly. The nervous system is set up to send messages to a certain part of the body, and the nerves are the wires that carryRead MoreNeurological Disorders Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesThat is why studying neurology and working on the treatment of neurological disorders is so critically important. Through the examination of Huntington’s disease, Bell’s Palsy, and Aphasia, neurologists can work to better the human mind and cure the diseases that attack it, which will infinitely enhance the lives of humans and create a brighter future for us all. The first disease being discussed, Bell’s Palsy, is a disorder resulting in temporary facial paralysis due to damage to the facial nervesRead MoreHow Does the Brain Work?1754 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone with a Neurological disorder, one counts his/her blessings. People with Neurological disorders struggle to function normally and knowing there is no cure to help them, it is frustrating. Cancer patients do struggle just like the patients with Neurological disorders but there is more patients with Neurological disorders than Cancer patients. The problem is more funding is given to Cancer research as opposed to Neurological research. A Patient with a Neurological disorder can be disabled their wholeRead More Understanding Huntingtons Disease Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Huntingtons Disease Diagnosis of Huntingtons Disease Today, a blood test is available to diagnose a person displaying suspected Huntingtons symptoms. The test analyzes DNA in the blood sample and counts the number of times the genetic code for the mutated Huntingtons gene is repeated. Individuals with Huntingtons Disease usually have 40 or more such repeats; those without it, 28 or fewer. If the number of repeats falls somewhere in between then more extensive neurologicalRead MoreHuntingtonS Disease . Our Bodies And The Functions Of1381 Words   |  6 Pages Huntington s Disease Our bodies and the functions of our body parts work in cohesion. Some systems include but not limited too cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and most importantly the nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system consist of all the nerves that branch off of the brain and spinal cord. With those systems we have the sensory division and the motor division alsoRead MoreEssay on Huntingtons Disease520 Words   |  3 PagesHuntingtons Disease Huntingtons disease is an autosomal dominant disorder, which is found on the # 4 chromosome. George Huntington discovered it in 1872. It mainly has an effect on the nervous system. There are around 210,000 bases between D4S180 and D4S127. The disease itself is found in 2% of people in their childhood, and in 5% of the people they were older then 60. (Miller p 16) In the majority of the affected people the disease is detected between the ages of 35-45. In males the diseaseRead MoreDna And Therapy Of Abnormal Psychology1291 Words   |  6 Pages EORY AND THERAPY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY The biological model is most important in function of the human system. In psychotherapy, if we have deficits with our biology, then we fix the deficient, inhibit the unwanted response or excite the wanted response. As William DeMeyer, MD relates, â€Å"all human behavior consists of secreting substances or changing the length of muscle fibers. Whatever the behavior, it originates from nerve impulses traveling through neural circuits. Therefore, all behaviorsRead MoreA Link Between Genetics And Gangliosidosis1577 Words   |  7 Pages Neurodegenerative Disorders: A link between genetics and gangliosidosis. A Review of the Literature Douglas Gilkinson Mercyhurst University – North East Campus Author Note This paper was prepared for English 120 – Writing and Research, taught by Mrs. Matz. Abstract There is a growing need for treatment of gangliosidoses, or the increase in lipid storage in cells. Diseases such as Tay-Sach’s, Sandhoff disease, Alzheimer’s and HIV are at the forefront of research into how theseRead MoreAre Antisense Oligonucleotides and Effective Trearment for Huntingtons Disease1486 Words   |  6 Pagestreatments has already been seen in other disease, such as Vitravene (or Fomivirsen), which was the first ASO made publicly available, and is used to treat cytomegalovirus retinitis, as well as Isis 3521 which when given to lung cancer patients in addition to combination chemotherapy has been seen to raise life expectancy by as much as 50%[2]. From these past successes, many have hypothesised that they might make an effective treatment for Huntington’s disease (HD) as well, which currently we are only

Understanding Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

The theory of evolution has itself evolved quite a bit since the time when Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace first came up with the theory. Much more data has been discovered and collected over the years that have only helped to enhance and sharpen the idea that species change over time. The modern synthesis of the theory of evolution combines several different scientific disciplines and their overlapping findings. The original theory of evolution was based mostly upon the work of Naturalists. The modern synthesis has the benefit of many years of research in Genetics and Paleontology, among other various subjects under the biology umbrella. The actual modern synthesis is a collaboration of a large body of work from such celebrated scientists as J.B.S. Haldane, Ernst Mayr, and Theodosius Dobzhansky. While some current scientists assert that evo-devo is also a part of the modern synthesis, most agree it has so far played a very slight role in the overall synthesis. While most of Darwins ideas are still very much present in the modern evolutionary synthesis, there are some fundamental differences now that more data and new disciplines have been studied. This does not, in any way, take away from the importance of Darwins contribution and, in fact, it only helps support most of the ideas Darwin put forth in his book On the Origin of Species. Differences Between Original Theory of Evolution and Modern Evolutionary Synthesis The three main differences between the original Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection proposed by Charles Darwin and the most current Modern Evolutionary Synthesis are as follows: The modern synthesis recognizes several different possible mechanisms of evolution. Darwins theory relied on natural selection as the only known mechanism. One of these different mechanisms, genetic drift, could even match the importance of natural selection in the overall view of evolution.Modern synthesis asserts that characteristics are passed down from parents to offspring on parts of DNA called genes. Variation between individuals within a species is because of the presence of multiple alleles of a gene.The modern synthesis of the Theory of Evolution hypothesizes that speciation is most likely due to the gradual accumulation of small changes or mutations at the gene level. In other words, microevolution leads to macroevolution. Thanks to years of dedicated research by scientists across many disciplines, we now have a much better understanding of how evolution works and a more accurate picture of the change species undergo over a period of time. Even though different facets of evolutionary theory have changed, the fundamental ideas are still intact and just as relevant today as they were in the 1800s.

Incarceration And Drug And Alcohol Abuse Rehabilitation...

Prison incarceration rates are increasing and there seems to be a pattern of specific groups of people, such as the minorities and indigenous groups who we see over and over again being imprisoned. There is also a pattern we see across different indigenous groups around different countries who are also facing similar problems because of their native’ status, such as Maori from New Zealand, Aboriginals from Canada and Indians from the USA, just to name a few. This essay will critically discuss the key issues identified by criminologists on huge incarceration rate for indigenous people, which includes institutional racism, high recidivism rates, and substance abuse issues. In addition, solutions to how these issues could be approached will be discussed, in terms of education, alternative methods to incarceration and drug and alcohol abuse rehabilitation programmes. With regards to the history of indigenous, from the colonial periods, the indigenous population have been faced with a lot of torture in a lot of areas of their lives. The generations of those who have been exposed to the colonial-horrors are still faced with disadvantages and consequences from what had happened during that period. (Broadhurt, 1996) using the cultural conflict theory advocates that those who have survived the post-colonial period, have been left disadvantaged socially and economically, as well as criminalised. The issue for the indigenous incarceration rates starts from minor offences such asShow MoreRelatedCorrectional Rehabilitation Programs Of California Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesCorrectional Rehabilitation Programs of California Rehabilitation programs that are available in prisons are a vital key to reforming at least eight out of ten inmates back to a productive, healthy citizen and leader. For this very reason the law AB 900 was passed in 2007 and just to give you a brief summary of the bill it discussed the establishment of pilot programs to be developed by the Department of Corrections for counseling and substance abuse that will assist inmates with their successfulRead MoreThe United States Prisons And Federal Prisons959 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Obama has been on a mission to reform the United States Jails and Federal Prisons. The number of incarcerations have been on the rise since 1980 and it continues to quadruple. State and federal prisons are over crowed with non-violent offenses. With overcrowded jails it has caused the economy more money and created dangerous living environments. Instead of incarceration what should be given is a realistic alternative for their actions. The government wi ll also spend less money. Non-violentRead MoreRehabilitation Programs Should Be Abolished1669 Words   |  7 Pagesin dire need of an effective method to rectify the habits and mentalities of these inmates. Rehabilitation programs should be implemented for prisoners being released back into the community. In addition to providing a more cost-effective alternative to incarceration, these programs could potentially transform offenders into responsible, productive members of society. Programs ranging from drug and alcohol treatment to helping further education and acquiring trades for future employment have beenRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Juvenile Delinquency1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe beginning of the program because of the evolving mentality of the generations. The purpose of Juvenile Justice was to correct the behavior of the juvenile delinquents and rehabilitation through a probationary period monitored by an individual who paid for bail and periodically reported behavior changes to courts. (Mulligan 2009) We do justice to the youth offenders by understanding the history of Juvenile Justice restorative programs, the alternatives to incarceration, and how to help themRead MoreDiscovering Practices That Reduces Recidivism1362 Words   |  6 Pageshas recently returned to policymaking agenda, as the need to remedy the cycle of incarceration is being acknowledge and addressed. With this renewed interest in reentry come federal funds and an effort to rigor ously evaluate programs aimed at helping prisoners successfully reintegrate into their communities. This paper examines these initiatives, describing lessons learned and identifying obstacles of both program implementation and evaluation. The goal is to provide insights and recommendationsRead MoreThe Failure Of The American Prison System1302 Words   |  6 Pagesoffenders off the streets, the modern prison system fails in fulfilling its original design of restoring criminals to being productive members of society. It has proven to be an inefficient and ineffective system by focusing on punishment over rehabilitation, leading to issues such as overcrowding, wasting taxpayers’ money and a high recidivism rate. As children, most people learn obedience through punishment. When we do something â€Å"wrong† one or several privileges are taken away by our parents.Read MoreThe Effects Of Substance Use Disorder On America s Prison System1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfor various drug related charge and is an admitted addict of intravenous cocaine and heroin. Heroin was discovered in the cell he resided in, and in an unprecedented legal proceeding, Judge Richard Berman gave Cameron the longest sentence on record for a prisoner found to have drugs while incarcerated. Instead of receiving much needed treatment for his disorder, Cameron will spend nearly the same amount of time in prison as his original sentence called for. The Numbers Drug use and abuse is not aRead MoreThe Effects Of Residential Schools On Disadvantaged Backgrounds855 Words   |  4 Pagestremendous psychological abuse to not only the children being forced to leave their homes, but also to their guardians. After this traumatic event, many aboriginal people resorted to substance abuse in order to cope with their experience in these schools. One study reported â€Å"82 percent of individuals were involved in substance abuse behaviors after attending residential schools.† (Chansonneuve, 2007, p.22). I believe that there is a negative correlation between substance abuse and crime rates, as provenRead MoreAn Overview of Alternative Methods of Incarceration700 Words   |  3 PagesAn Overview of Alternative Methods of Incarceration Leaders at the Federal, State, and Local levels are constantly seeking ingenious methods to reduce the costs of criminal justice and corrections. It is agreed that violent offenders should be in maximum security facilities, however establishing alternatives to prison for non-violent offenders have become a necessity (e.g. DMI, Project HOPE, The 24/7 sobriety project). Due to the overcrowding and budget issues, methods have been devised to increaseRead MoreMandatory Sentencing For Non Violent Crime1050 Words   |  5 Pages To begin, mandatory sentencing for non-violent and drug- related crimes should be eliminated. This law was established to dispose of the drugs masters and to reduce the selling of drugs in neighborhoods. However, this resulted in an adverse effect; with nonviolent drug and first time offenders getting brutal sentences expanding the prison population. Non-violent crime should be dealt with differently; offering instead mandatory rehabilitation and probation rather than serving time. Placing offenders

The Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology - 1988 Words

In 1956, Francis Crick first described what he called â€Å"The central dogma of molecular biology.† This essentially describes the flow of genetic information within cells. It states that DNA is transcribed into RNA with the help of an RNA polymerase enzyme. The RNA is then translated into a protein by protein synthesis. One thing that could drastically alter the genetic information within cells is a process called gene silencing. This process regulates the gene expression of certain genes and can occur in either transcription or translation. The process has been coined RNA interference and dsRNA gene silencing (Davidson and McCray Jr. 2011). Since direct evidence of double stranded RNA’s role in gene silencing was found in 1998 by researchers Fire and Mello, this topic has been the focus of much research in areas such as biomedical research, health care, and even agriculture. Double stranded RNA has been found to play a crucial role in things such as pest control , vector borne disease prevention, crop improvement, and in the development of therapeutics for different diseases through gene silencing. Although much research has been focused on the effects of gene silencing, there is still much more needing to be done. Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) consists of two complementary strands similar to those of DNA found in all cells. DsRNA is an important part of gene function and expression in eukaryotes and is also found as the genetic material of some viruses. It is known toShow MoreRelatedThe Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesAs we know, the central dogma of molecular biology furnishes how DNA makes RNA and further RNA into protein. This process gives us the holistic view and the progression of genetic information within the biological system. On the other hand, at the molecular level, a various stage process is essential for a gene to be expressed and to produce a functional protein. In this event, the primary step involves the making of DNA sequence into an mRNA sequence termed as â€Å"Transcription† and in the later stageRead MoreThe Importance Of Non-Coding Rnas1468 Words   |  6 Pagesof non-protein-coding RNAs produced by what is now termed â€Å"per vasive genomic transcription†, has left scientists with more questions than answers and presents challenges to the core assumptions that were once the solid foundations of modern molecular biology and genetics, furthering complexity of genomics. The function of these non-protein-coding RNAs has not been fully evaluated and the methods of doing so are still in question; however, there is evidence suggesting overall functionality of non-codingRead MoreThe Importance Of Rnas In Molecular Biology741 Words   |  3 PagesA lot has been discovered in the world of molecular biology especially revelations of the RNA world. Non-coding RNAs form a major part of it. A lot more of the human genome is transcribed than as initially thought and regulation is one of the major processes the non-coding RNAs (which though transcribed do not end up producing proteins) perform. These regulatory RNAs can be small like miRNAs, siRNAs, snRNAs of the spliceosome, snoRNAs for large RNA processing etc. or they can be long as in the caseRead MoreRole Of Ncrna1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe central dogma of biology holds that genetic information generally results from DNA to RNA to protein., this directional view has been changed by the emergence of non-coding RNAs(ncRNA) in gene expression. ncRNA is small RNA that constitute a large family of RNA that do not code for protein formerly seen as a waste, but that does not mean that these RNA does not have a biological function. Most importantly, they are shown to be implicated in the regulation of transcription and post-transcriptionRead MoreA Cell Bio Problem Set 11411 Words   |  6 Pagesphysics and chemistry? What would be your answer today? Living organisms contain molecular and cellular machinery that maintain homeostasis. All of this machinery is governed by the laws of Physics and Chemistry and with our increased understanding of the biological sciences we understand the complex relationship of all three of these sciences in living systems. Each science is inherently dependent on another: BiologyïÆ'   ChemistryïÆ'   PhysicsïÆ'   Mathematics. Do you think there are peculiar properties ofRead Morecomparative proteomics Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Comparative Proteomics: Protein Profiler Lab by Jonathan Thulson Biology 113 October 6, 2013 Lab Partner: Vernon Morris INTRODUCTION Proteomics is the study of proteins. Their functions, interactions with other proteins, cellular locations and levels at which they are expressed. The purpose of this lab was to compare the proteins present in different species of fish to be able to determine which species of fish have the closest relation. This can be determined based on whichRead MoreDescribe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins?1510 Words   |  7 Pagesgenetic information to produce proteins? Intro(10mins) Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity areRead MoreDescribe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins?1495 Words   |  6 Pagesdecode its genetic information to produce proteins? Intro(10mins) Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity areRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Double Helix And Dna979 Words   |  4 PagesDNA is the central dogma of modern biology, it is present in all living things from bacteria to mammals. DNA carries the genetic information of the organism and is used in processes like mitosis, meiosis and protein production. The reason as to why I chose this topic specifically is because it is central to my favourite aspect of biology, genetics. Prior to the discover of the double helix and DNA itself there was some information and experiments done on genetics with what little knowledge theyRead MoreA Study On The Lac Operon1332 Words   |  6 Pagesknown DNA-binding motifs. Question #3. RNA interference is defined as a type of gene silencing in which the mRNA transcript is prevented from being translated. RNAi involves the production of siRNAs and is the most common. RNAi is used to create molecular methods to cure diseases such as Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s, deadly viral infections and cancer. They can stop the progression of these deadly diseases or stop it at an early stage. RNAi has also been used for the biological control of crop production

Data Analysis Free Essays

To analyze the time series data, a statistical software (STATA) was used. In time series data analysis important required condition is stationarity of the data set. To test whether the time series is stationary or not, the two tests are used; the ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller) test and Zivot and Andrews test for unit root. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both of these tests have same null hypothesis that the series is non-stationary (unit root process). For ADF unit root test we need lag length for the given time series variables. The lag length is selected by using information criteria (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) mentioned in section [2.2]. We performed the unit root tests with both trend and constant. It is important because the graphs of the time series variables gives an indication, whether we will include the trend term in the model or not. We can check the t value as well for inclusion of trend term in the model. The graph of immigration, unemployment and inflation shows that these series have time trend, but GDP growth rate series has no trend. The Table 4 summarizes the results of ADF test at levels. The given table consists of test statistics value and p-value. In case of variable GROWTH, the hypothesis was rejected and we can say that GDP growth rate is stationary at levels. The remaining variables IMMIG, UNEMP and INF are non-stationary at levels. All these three variables are non-stationary, when ADF test is performed with trend and intercept in the model. Table 4: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at levelsVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -0.838 0.8077 -2.825 0.1881UNEMP -1.398 0.5833 -2.503 0.3265GROWTH -5.671 0.0000 -5.587 0.0000INF -1.313 0.6231 -3.163 0.1032Since the series (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are not-stationary at levels, we take first difference for these three series. After taking the first differenced for IMMIG, UNEMP and INF series, the ADF test are then performed, as shown in table 5. Now these three variables are stationary at the first difference and they are said to be integrated of first order. Table 5: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at first differenceVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -6.516 0.0000 -6.520 0.0000UNEMP -4.582 0.0001 -4.523 0.0014INF -7.967 0.0000 -7.891 0.0000 The results obtained from Zivot and Andrews test of unit are shown table 6. GDP growth rate has same results like in previous tests which is stationary at level with constant and trend and without trend. Unemployment rate and immigration are non-stationary series with or without trend. The inflation rate is stationary without trend but non-stationary when including trend term in the model. Zivot and Andrews test was reformed after taking first difference of the three non-stationary time series. The unemployment, immigration and inflation rate have a strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis of unit root at first difference.Table 6. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at levels)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Break Year Test statistics Z(t) Break YearIMMIG -4.167 2006 -3.698 2002UNEMP -5.313 1992 -3.841 1997GROWTH -6.001*** 1994 -5.180*** 2005INF -5.025** 1992 -3.830 1977Note: significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level Table 7. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at first difference)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Test statistics Z(t)D. IMMIG -7.032*** -6.413***D.UNEMP -5.600*** -4.632**D.INF -7.092*** -6.896*** Note: *significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level The empirical results of vector autoregressive model are investigated in the form of Granger causality test and Impulse response function. In this thesis, the time series variables used on levels to perform VAR model, because GDP growth rate is stationary on level and the remaining three variables (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are stationary at first difference. As mentioned in section [2.1], various studies have indicated that vector auto regressive model can be estimated on levels of variables.The information criterion is used to select the lag length for a vector autoregressive model with four time series variables. The three information criterion (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) gives same lag length, which is two. But we preferred SBIC for selecting the lag length. After computing the results of vector autoregressive model, there is need to test for autocorrelation of residuals and stability of the model. The LM Test for Residual Autocorrelation is used to test for autocorrelation. The results of the test shows that there is no evidence of autocorrelation found between the residuals. The resulting VAR model gives all eigenvalues less than one and these eigenvalues lies inside the unit circle shown in appendix [A4], which confirms that estimated VAR model is stable.The Granger causality test is performed by using the results of VAR model. Table 8 shows the results of Granger-causality. The null and alternative hypotheses is used for immigration variable are H_0: Immigration does not Granger cause unemployment rateH_1: Immigration granger causes the unemployment rate H_0: Immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the GDP growth rate ? H?_0: Immigration does not Granger cause inflation rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the inflation rateIn first column of table 8 the null hypothesis is shown and degree of freedom is in 2nd column. The next two columns give test statistics value and p-value. We set the level of significance to be at 5%. The degree of freedom for all pairs is used 2, because the estimated VAR model has lag length 2. The results obtained from granger causality test for first null hypothesis have p-value 0.194, which is a clear evidence that we cannot reject null hypothesis. It showed that immigration does not granger cause unemployment rate. For hypothesis about effect of immigration on GDP growth rate, the p-value is 0.35, which means again that we cannot reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate. The same results found in case of immigration and inflation rate hypothesis, where the p-value is 0.186. It is found that immigrations do not granger cause inflation rate. In these three cases we cannot reject the null hypothesis. Table 8: Engle-Granger test for Causality:Null Hypothesis df Chi-sq Prob chi-sq decision IMMIG does not granger cause UNEMP 2 3.2787 0.194 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause GROWTH 2 2.1011 0.350 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause INF 2 3.3626 0.186 Do not reject H0The impulse response function obtained from vector autoregressive model results are presented in figures (6-9). The impulse response function in the figure (7) shows the response of unemployment rate after a shock in the immigration. At first two steps, the resulting effect is negative, but after two steps it has a positively increasing trend till the fourth step. At the fourth step it has a maximum value near 2 and after fourth step it goes down, which eventually disappeared at sixth step. The impulse response function in this case build an idea that immigrations have positive short run relationship with unemployment.The figure (8) displays the response of growth rate to a shock in immigrations. It shows the negative relation in first three years. After the third year, it tends towards positive side and after sixth year it fades away. In figure (9) the response of inflation rate to a shock in immigration show that in first three years it has positive value. But after third years, it is going towards negative side till sixth year and after sixth year it has no effect. It shows that in first years immigration and inflation have positive significance short run relationship and after this period it has negative relation till sixth year. Figure 6: Graph of Impulse Response Function Figure 7: Response of UNEMP to a shock in IMMIG Figure 8: Response of GROWTH to a shock in IMMG Figure 9: Response of INF to a shock in IMMG ? ConclusionsThe main objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of immigration on macro-economic variables in Sweden. In this study unemployment rate, GDP growth rate and inflation rate are considered as the economic variables. The annual data for period 1970-2014 is used to examine the relationship between these variables in Sweden. We estimated VAR model for a short run relationship. The estimated VAR model satisfied the stability condition and by using Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test for autocorrelation, it was made sure that there is no autocorrelation between the residuals at any lag order 2. The granger causality analysis performed by using the results of VAR model. The granger causality results shows that the immigration does not effect the unemployment rate, growth rate and inflation rate in Sweden during the study period. It is concluded that immigration has no short run relationship with these three macro-economic variables. The results obtained from impulse response function shows that the immigration has short run positive relationship with the unemployment rate after first few years. On the other hand, the immigration have negative effect on growth rate in first three periods, but after these periods, the reverse effect has been observed. There is a positive relationship found in first two years between immigration and inflation rate. But after two years it has negative relationship between immigration and inflation rate. The impulse response function results shows that immigration affect these economic variables for five to six periods and after that it have no such effect. This indicates that in the beginning the immigrants does not participate in the economic growth. One probable cause of this could be the exposure to a new language in Sweden, which produces language barriers. Which also verifies that the GDP growth rate becomes static relative to the immigrations after few years, since language barrier is a temporary effect. However, considering more economic variables which could be affected by the immigration may lead to more findings in Sweden’s economic growth. Moreover, increasing the sample size of the study variables could yield more improved results. How to cite Data Analysis, Papers

Crucible Essay Prompts Example For Students

Crucible Essay Prompts In Arthur Millers, The Crucible, many themes are expressed throughoutthe play. Themes are the undertone of the story. A theme of a book usually setsthe mood and describes what is happening during the time that the story iswritten. The Crucible has many themes that show how everything was and howeveryone acted in the year of 1692, in Salem, Massachusetts. Mass hysteria isthe most obvious theme in the story. Mass hysteria is represented everywheretrouble was. One example is at the end of act one when the girls are screaming,crying, and starting to accuse people of being with the devil. When thishappens, everyone gets scared and calls the marshal. The marshal begins toarrest people and brings them to court. The whole reason mass hysteria broke outis because of Abigail. One vengeful accusation from Abigail to her rival,Elizabeth Proctor, turns the whole village upside down. This confusion andmadness is one of the main reasons so many lives were taken at the trials. Thisbecomes a place wh ere reasonable human beings can become released in anenvironment that allows little opportunity for relaxing. Another theme duringthe play is how much religion ruled these peoples lives. The court was the mainruling body of justice and was run by the church. The concept of justice in 1692is shown when Arthur Miller dedicates the entire third act to the courtroom. Abigail pressures the girls to lie in court in order to accuse everyone thatthey didnt get along with of witchcraft. The separation of church andgovernment didnt exist in 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts. Theocracy meant thatMassachusetts was to be governed by Gods laws. But this mixing up of the lawsof God and the laws of government set up the chaos of the Salem witch trials. Greed and revenge was another major aspect that was shown in the story. Severalcharacters find profit in this mass hysteria and try to change some events fortheir own needs and well-being. Thomas Putnam gains land by having his daughterRuth accuse his neighbors of witchcraft. Also, Abigail gets revenge on theProctors when her affair with John has been turned off. Superstition was thebiggest cause of these trials. There were no real witches in Salem. Without thesuperstitious belief in witchcraft, this tragedy would have never happened. Arthur Miller clearly explains the how people react to things they do notunderstand. These were examples why The Salem Witch Trials happened. The themeof the story keeps the plot going. Themes are one of the most important parts ina play. Arthur Miller gives good examples and explains what it was really likeback in 1692 by showing how people acted. All these different moods and themesled up to the witch trials. If all these untrusting feelings, superstitions, andattitudes didnt exist the trials would have probably never existed.

Assisted Suicide Cannot Be A Right Essay Example For Students

Assisted Suicide Cannot Be A Right Essay Everyone who is born will die. All humans face death sooner or later in their lifetime. It is the wish of many, especially suffering individuals, to die peacefully and without pain. Death is beyond our control, but should we be allowed to decide the time of our death? There are proponents on both sides of this controversial issue, but with all the complications and dangers associated with legalizing assisted suicide, it should not become an option available to anyone. Many believe that individuals suffering immensely physically deserve the right to end their pain. Why should not patients with incurable diseases be allowed to terminate their misery and find relief for themselves? It seems unreasonable to some that those with terminal illnesses should suffer through what is left of their life in agony knowing that there is no hope for a cure. Yet, the many consequences of legalizing assisted suicide must be considered thoroughly. If assisted suicide becomes a fundamental right for certain patients, there will be no logical way to limit the right to only a small number of exceptional cases. Such is the dilemma faced by the few countries that have permitted assisted suicide to be legalized. If assisted becomes legal, where will the boundary be set at who can receive the treatment? When it first became legal for doctors to induce deaths in the Netherlands, the permits were granted only when a patient was experiencing unbearable pain or terminally ill. Twenty years after euthanasia became legal in the nation, however, the guidelines under physicians inducing death have come to include depressed patients who are physically healthy, patients who repeatedly and voluntarily request death, elders, and individuals with severe disabilities. There is not a standard tool that can be used to measure how immensely an individual is suffering. There is no limit that can be set and unchangeable. The border set for those who can choose to use assisted suicide is edged wider each time a physician or individual wins a legal breakthrough. If assisted suicide becomes legal, it cannot be kept from eventually becoming available to many in virtually all circumstances. The legalization of assisted suicide also endangers many in unfavorable circumstances. Not all those euthanized are choosing to end their lives. For instance, several cases in the 1991 Remmelink Report on euthanasia reveals that there are many cases in the Netherlands where patients are involuntarily euthanized. Babies born mentally retarded or with birth defects are being denied the chance of life. It is common for pediatricians to kill newborns in their cribs. Doctors may make the presumption that those with severe disabilities would rather die than live. Without laws forbidding aid to suicides, real danger of murder being committed under the pretext of assisting a suicide arises. The legalizing of assisted suicide takes away the protection of the lives of the vulnerable. Not only does assisted suicide endanger life, it may lead to the denying of adequate aid for patients. Legalizing assisted suicide may dispose physicians and patients to end lives of great suffering rather than attempt to ease them by using the means already at hand for relief of pain. Doctors may consider not to waste the effort to relieve the pain and depression of patients with medication and aid when there is a more convenient and permanent treatment option. Some patients will be deprived of appropriate medication and mental guidance. What would keep cynical individuals from encouraging those suffering to end their lives so that they can eliminate the burden of caring and spending money on the patient? Ailing elders might be put under the pressure to speed up their deaths from impatient relatives and cost-conscious health insurance providers, including the government. Society would gradually be pushing for the death of its members. .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a , .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a .postImageUrl , .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a , .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a:hover , .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a:visited , .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a:active { border:0!important; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a:active , .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub73831aa69bf655cf53f0585981d3a0a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Importance Of Communication Skills Essay If the disabled, chronically ill, or terminally ill people are declared better off dead, which group of people will be next? Once the right is granted for some, what will stop others from gaining the right? Death becomes the easy and permanent solution for individuals who are suffering perhaps only temporary pain. Ill-considered decisions to terminate life cannot be prevented and murder will become all easier. The complications and dangers of legalizing assisted suicide far outweigh the possible benefits. To provide necessary protection of life, assisted suicide cannot be considered and offered to people under any circumstance. We need to push for the repealing of laws that grant assisted suicide to individuals and prevent any other measures that may legalize the act from being passed.