Abbott and Merck Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abbott and Merck - Essay Example In the United States, there are a few administrative bodies that such organizations would need to manage. While their monetary activities just as publicizing strategies are managed by different bodies, even their fundamental tasks of investigating and creating medication are vigorously directed. The Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, National Institute of Health, Center for Disease Control and even the National Science Foundation can affect how pharmaceutical organizations work (DHHS, 2007). Simultaneously, a few associations have more administrative control than others. For instance, the FDA is one body which has the most authority over guidelines that can drive pharmaceutical organizations to work one way or the other. The FDA goes under the Department of Health and Human Services which gives the FDA expansive rules to follow. The FDA is the real position which makes the principles that medication organizations need to follow. These guidelines sway substantially more than medication since food, dietary enhancements, beauty care products, restorative items for use in social insurance just as clinical actualizes are managed by the (FDA, 2007). For pharmaceutical organizations, the fundamental guidelines start from food and dietary enhancements that might be created by these organizations, for example, Vitamin C tablets or folic corrosive pills that may not require solutions much of the time. Be that as it may, much of the time these items might be treated as food in which case there is a solid naming necessity of the FDA which directs the makers concerning what data should be on the bundling of the item (FDA, 2007). For instance, as an industry guideline, the makers of dietary enhancements are permitted to make asserts with respect to the advantages of their items however they can't make a case that their enhancements can forestall or fix an infection. Simultaneously, supplements are not intensely controlled and activity against the makers of enhancements can

The Choice Nicholas Sparks! free essay sample

The book I read this trimester was The Choice composed by Nicholas Sparks. The decision is a tragic tale around two neighbors, Travis and Gabby, who wind up beginning to look all starry eyed at. Spreading over the exciting long periods of their young love, marriage and family, The Choice at last defies the peruser with the hardest inquiry of all: how far would you go to keep the desire for affection alive? On the off chance that I could make this book into a film I would exceptionally known chiefs and on-screen characters since it would make the film all the more fascinating to the watchers. The index I ould use would need to be Nick Cassavetes in light of the fact that he has done numerous sentimental motion pictures, for example, the Notebook which was likewise based of a book composed by Nicholas Sparks. The way Cassavetes films makes the movie all the more moving and he is knowledgeable about this sort of sentimental/sensational plot line. For the entertainers I would utilize Debra Messing as Gabby. We will compose a custom paper test on The Choice Nicholas Sparks! or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Debra is ideal for the job of Gabby in light of the fact that the have fundamentally the same as qualities. Above all she has the blazing red hair that Gabby has in the book. I believe that Debra has highlighted herself in any jobs that were like Gabby, for example, her part as Grace in the hit Sitcom Will and Grace. She additionally has new face and it would be simple for her to play both multi year old Gabby and multi year old Gabby. The following entertainer I would utilize Chris Pine for the character Travis. Travis is a laid back veterinarian who is lively and cherishes the outside. Chris Pine has that athletic look and physical make-up. Chris Pine can play both multi year old Travis and multi year old Travis. Chris Pine has a very young men nearby look which is required in light of the fact that Gabby is upposed to really like him. I believe that Chris Pine and Debra Messing would have great science and they would look great together. In the book Travis father is an immense part. I would need to cast somebody who is more seasoned however is acceptable at acting. I would utilize Mel Gibson since he is a great on-screen character and he is a group pleaser. I figure he would acquire a more established horde of individuals to come see the move. He additionally has done sentimental sort films previously so it wouldnt be difficult for him to get into character. The following character are Travis and Gabbys two little girls. These characters would be difficult to cast in light of the fact that the are 8 and 5 years of age so I would need to discover two young ladies who look youthful and are acceptable at acting. Additionally they need to seem to be like one another and Chris Pine and Debra Messing. I would utilize Dakota Fannings younger sibling Elle. She has been in a couple of films and she isnt excessively youthful and she can look the age of the most youthful girl. For the more seasoned little girl I would utilize Noah Cyrus. She is the ideal age and she seems to be like Elle. For the area of the film I would pick the really setting of the book. The book happens in North Carolina. I believe that since the book as of now has an ideal spot so why not exploit it. In the event that all the throwing worked out how I would have preferred I figure the film could be a film industry hit since it has all the components a motion pictures needs. It has a decent plot line, incredible on-screen characters that are known by numerous individuals and the area is lovely and great. The film cost wouldnt be that terrible in light of the fact that we wouldnt need to film anything outside of mazing.

Perception On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(96) privileges of the considerable number of inhabitants and complete removal steady with the estimations of degeneration. 1.0 Introduction This papers nowadayss proposed estimation peddle inquire about. The estimation solicit targets perusing the market and figure open conclusion on their perceptual experience on political campaigners. We will compose a custom article test on Observation On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Indicating of notion solicit It is a push to occur out what parts of Embu province as a rule, their opinion of an Embu district driving and the capacity of the imminent campaigner. This Public notion is affected by the new improvement in the Kenya new basic law and curiously power degeneration to the province degree. Reason for opinion solicit The Purpose of the proposed notion peddle research will be to help the forthcoming campaigner know the greater part of the segments. 1.4 Goal of conclusion peddle The finish of the proposed conclusion peddle is to design and to build up a plan that will happen the triumphant explanations for the run, its qualities and failings, each piece great as the qualities and potential exposures of your restriction, by to hold a reliable advance of open assessment through a hand crafted polls for the campaigners County. 1.5 Objective of the conclusion peddle 1. To have equitable feeling, non abstract notions, and realizes what occasions will affect open assessment. 2. To ensure that the exploration discoveries read the market and figure open slant on their perceptual experience on the political campaigner. 3. To advise the imminent political campaigner about the peddle results, discoveries, the derivation on their battling and ensuing approval at the province. 1.6 This proposition contain A Planning Model: Goals set, mark crowds, key outcomes to be distinguished. A battle/political Communications Scheme: Substantial and operational priorities and assaults. A Program Plan: Programs, plan bearing, and plan assets set to execute the plan. Parts Plans: Execution programs for crusade/political Communications Strategy. 1.7 Background to region In the proposed bill of trade basic law, Kenya is to be isolated into 47 regions dependent on the domains made in 1992. Regarding degeneration, the state will hold a specialists development with two spaces: national and district authoritiess. The remotion of parts has strongly left area authoritiess as the purpose of harmony between the national and the province authoritiess. Evacuation of parts has other than moved sub-national harmony and uprightness endeavors from parts to the neighborhood degree. The bill of trade does non request a whole assessment and fix of the present neighborhood specialists development ; it leaves the issue loosened until such a clasp, that new nearby specialists rule law will be sanctioned. A cautious perusing of the bill of trade shows that proposed region authoritiess will execute both cardinal and nearby specialists maps. The proposed reverted specialists has the point of increasing national trustworthiness through affirmation of assorted variety. This implies region authoritiess will hold to apply their maps in a mode that advances nearby agreement. This will predominantly be accomplished through just and fairly concurred priorities for nearby turn of events. Further, neighborhood harmony can be accomplished through a politically comprehensive assault to improvement, which obliges minority associations. As such, networks will be joined by a regularly concurred advancement docket. Matters, for example, assignments to region specialists spots ought to mirror the decent variety of the networks served by the few area authoritiess. The district specialists will be the nearest immediate contact with nearby networks. 1.7.1 Vision One of the cardinal changes of the Constitution is the constitution of degeneration through region authoritiess. Mainly, it is a reaction to the huge centralization of territory power at the Center and in the presidential term, emphasizd by the scraped spot of nearby specialists. For some individuals, the main contact with specialists has been with Provincial and District Commissioners and Chiefs, at long last capable to the President. On a progressively political degree, the centralization of intensity, all around practiced by a little inner circle of individuals around the President, minimized networks and parts that were seen to be against the administration. Financially, tries and business would in general gather in Nairobi, and prompted relocation from provincial to urban nations. For a trepidation of the reason for degeneration, one can non improve than read Article 174.They incorporate democratization, answerability, expanded governing rules, national honesty, perceiving assorted variety and ensuring minorities, monetary turn of events and dish to administrations, and simply sharing of national and neighborhood assets. This is an eager docket, extended from the CKRC and Bomas bill of trades, however without the equivalent institutional understandings and declined powers. Degeneration is incompletely an undertaking of statute and mostly of shows and example. It will come into result simply after the accompanying General Elections, when the province gatherings and governors will be chosen. There is sufficient flexibleness with regards to the turn of events and activity of the framework. Forces and cash will be moved only when the ability to oversee them has been set up in the province. Region authoritiess could hold that the national specialists should make certain things for them, or the national specialists could hold that the districts, or those of them with the limit, should assume control over certain national specialists maps. Torahs can be made to give new powers to the areas. The framework is to be staged in with the goal that maps are moved a little bit at a time to areas that can oversee them, and non all provinces need secure all the forces at a similar clasp. Despite the fact that the national specialists can do Torahs about everything, remembering subjects for which regions may do Torahs, national specialists law will take precedency just if there is acceptable ground for holding national rather than area Torahs. Adaptability is surely something worth being thankful for, however it requires complex frameworks of exchange and assurance formulating. The basic law perceives this and accommodates co-activity between the national and district authoritiess, with a basic capacity for the Senate as a sort of negociating gathering at a similar clasp as it secures the associations of provinces. There are other than instruments for guaranting that provinces watch the privileges of the considerable number of inhabitants and do removal steady with the estimations of degeneration. You read Recognition On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay in classification Exposition models On the different manus, it is of import that the national specialists understands that degeneration is a fundamental constituent of the new arrangement of the region †and districts have naturally ensured position and powers †and resist the allurement to request to them. Notwithstanding this positive model, there are not kidding anxiousnesss about degeneration. Incomprehensibly, some are troubled about too much powers being given over to provinces, others ( like us ) that too much little force is ensured. Be that as it may, we have noted over the flexibleness in this regard. Some dread partiality against minorities inside the areas, and the tendency of the prevailing social gathering to permit all district workplaces and assets. Gatherings who have relocated into a district as of late are frightful even of ousting. We should take these anxiousnesss sincerely. The central law covers with them. All residents have equivalent rights where ever they live, and the Bill of Rights has a solid arrangement of requirement. Some freedom can be accommodated minorities situated in nations where they are numerically overall through nearby specialists. Minorities are to be proportionately spoken to in region congregations and the official. Eventually, there is approval for the national specialists to step in a district which disregards the privileges of its tenants ( under the class of â€Å" surpassing fortunes † ) , after inquiry by a free board. While fear of preference is comprehensible, it is of import to help ourselves that a to remember import plan of degeneration is to expand national uprightness, non jeopardize it. Administrations at the area degree, each piece much as at the national degree, have sacred obligations to progress between ethnic agreement, cultural justness and the security of human rights. Gatherings which have endured in the past because of vindictive arrangements of the cardinal specialists will presently happen it simpler, through the province framework, to encounter secure, participate in open individual businesss, haggle with the national specialists and consolidate strategically. In the event that this occurs, national uprightness will be fortified. Also, this will be helped by the interest of only appropriation of assets, and specific guide to the less created districts. There are other than anxiousnesss about the financial reasonings of degeneration. The expenses credited to degeneration are non new costs: we as of now have financial plans for domains, including for province boards, a few purposes of the bing cardinal specialists spending will be moved to areas as the maps are moved, and we as of now have some financess which are all the time reserved for regions. Ideally, the Salaries and Remuneration Commission will set up practical wages for open officials, and the law may see providing simply recompenses, non compensation, for individuals from province congregations, as their maps will non name for full clasp committedness â

People’s Attitude Towards Abortion in Australia free essay sample

People’s mentality towards premature birth in Australia Abstract: The speculation, â€Å"It is clear that in Australia individuals are not strong of fetus removal. † would be tried in the report. Its point was to uncover the present perspectives on individuals in Australia towards premature birth, in light of the current situation of various age and social foundation. A survey about supported reasons, authorization and qualities on premature birth was built and the objective gathering would be 20 worldwide understudies and 20 nearby Australians. The universal understudies were fundamentally Chinese, and a couple from South-East Asia. Despite the fact that most members didn't have an extremely solid position of supporting premature birth or not, when there were further inquiries concerning Pro-decision conduct and legitimization of fetus removal, it was found that members were very regard of opportunity of decision, and concurred that premature birth ought to be authorized. Consequently one might say that looking at the 2 sides, members were fairly strong to premature birth. In light of the outcomes, expanded looks into covering a bigger objective gathering which could for the most part speak to various social gatherings could be directed to test whether premature birth was actually commonly worthy or not or might it be able to be sanctioned under all cases. We will compose a custom paper test on People’s Attitude Towards Abortion in Australia or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Presentation Abortion had been a questionable issue for a long time, conversations and discussions were constantly held to contend whether it ought to or ought not be pronounced legitimate. This issue was vital at record-breaking in light of the fact that the disposition towards it were essentially affected by different significant estimations of life like ethical quality, human rights and opportunity of decision, including that they were the key variables to decide if it ought to be pronounced lawful. â€Å"Abortion can be characterized as the ejection or expulsion of an incipient organism or embryo from the uterus of the pregnant mother† (Blade, 2008). It could be isolated into two kinds. To begin with, the â€Å"spontaneous abortion† happens when the mother’s body discharges the baby because of various reasons, normally characteristic ones (without human exertion). This report concentrated on another kind of fetus removal, â€Å"induced abortion†. This was what individuals normally mean when they utilize the word premature birth. As such, it was the â€Å"termination of pregnancy†. After the Federation in 1901, fetus removal was dealt with by the British Offenses Against the Person Act of 1861. In the demonstration, fetus removal was unlawful , regardless of under what conditions. Be that as it may, from that point forward, fetus removal would be legitimate at times under the law. For example, Natasha,(1998), recommended that under the McGuire administering (1986) in Queensland, fetus removal must be sanctioned when the mother was in danger that premature birth could safeguard her life or wellbeing. Another case that fetus removal could be authorized was that if the infant would kick the bucket promptly or inside a brief period. For the present enactment about it in Queensland under the Queensland Criminal Code, the perspective stayed comparative that the court would preclude premature birth except if the moms life or wellbeing is in harm's way. However, it didn't uncover any reaction on the difference in perspectives of individuals towards premature birth. The point of the report was to uncover the present perspectives on individuals in Australia towards fetus removal, in light of the current situation of various age and social background(international understudies versus nearby Australians). It created the impression that these days an ever increasing number of individuals were steady to fetus removal. This view would be bolstered by the outcomes from study and afterward a conversation some portion of it would be incorporated and finally the end and suggestion would be figured. Technique: Questionnaires about the perspectives of fetus removal of individuals were utilized to gather information for the report. A subjective procedure was utilized. The purpose behind picking it was on the grounds that the report concentrated more on profundity, as opposed to amount. As indicated by the Family Health International (2005), a subjective research gave data about the â€Å"human† side of an issue, which was frequently conflicting. It could likewise decipher the mind boggling reality or make a superior comprehension to a particular circumstance and the ramifications of the subjective information. Another significant point was that it could help recognize immaterial variables (age, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, and so forth) in the report. These variables were the keys that impact a person’s demeanor toward the issue. The accentuation of the survey was to comprehend participant’s angles possibly in support of fetus removal, in this way 10 out of 14 inquiries were about their supposition, the rest were 3 trait questions and 1 information question. The complete number of members was 40. There were through and through 20 universal understudies concentrating in Australia and 20 nearby Australians finished the survey. Among the members, 23 of them were female and 17 were male. In the understudy gathering, 2 of them were under or underneath 18 and 18 were at 19 years old to 30. Among the neighborhood Australians, 6 of them were between 31-45 and another 14 were 45 or above. A point to note was that for the worldwide understudies, 15 of them were Chinese. To ensure the data would be left well enough alone, no inquiries were about character or other private data. The polls were given out in two different ways. The principal route was to disseminate them at school and at homes, and another path was to convey them through the web. Members were very intrigued to the survey as they imagined that it was a disputable issue. Anyway simultaneously, members discovered mistook for the last open-cut off inquiry regarding the association between culture, age and premature birth as it was not required to state reasons yet lines were given. Additionally, because of an absence of time in finishing the survey, I. e. in 5 or 10 minutes, the information gathered may be mutilated. Results: The motivation behind the poll was to discover the perspectives of individuals in Australia towards premature birth.

Descriptive Essay House on Fire Essays

Graphic Essay House on Fire Essays Graphic Essay House on Fire Paper Graphic Essay House on Fire Paper graphic paper house ablaze The House on Fire That cool night of December 2004 had deserted a memory which will remain in my psyche for a ceaseless timeframe. That night was not equivalent to the remainder of the days throughout my life. Rather than heading to sleep, that night I was remaining in the street, in complete dread. My pulse was quickening with dread and tears were moving down my cheeks as I saw Emily removed by the rescue vehicle. The house, which I was remaining before, was consuming as fire immersed it from all sides. There was fire all over. The rooftop was ablaze, the entryways and the windows were ablaze, fire was in any event, coming out of the house through different openings, appearing as though a fire-breathing mythical beast was inside the house, puffing fire. The blazes consumed dark red and golden, practically angry purple as I saw different firemen attempting to extinguish the fire. Nothing inside was probably going to endure the fire. Blazes were licking open to question with the breeze, attempting to discover something different ablaze, and discovering only air, vanishing into the breezy night, as baffled shudders. Everything was occurring excessively quick. During a moment or less, fire had spread over the whole arrival. I was frozen by seeing the fire, which crept reptile like up the house. The house was detonating in yellow blue flares that immediately turned orange. I was trembling and crying delicately as I saw Emily’s mother sitting on the ground, vulnerably. She was shouting out of misery. Her response had made me considerably increasingly frightened. I needed somebody to reassure me by disclosing to me that nothing will happen to Emily. She was my closest companion. We had gone through seven years of our youth together and I would not like to lose her. I was asking quietly while Emily’s mother had lost all the expectation of her endurance. I had never felt so alone. Indeed, even the idea of losing her, scared me. I felt as though I was surviving the most exceedingly terrible bad dream. Melancholy is the most exceedingly terrible inclination on the planet. You feel miserable, terrified, furious, baffled, alone and apprehensive. Experiencing a stage in life when you have a sentiment of losing somebody is difficult to acknowledge and it is a lot harder for an eight years of age youngster. You feel as though the world had halted and you would never proceed onward throughout everyday life. It is excruciating to acknowledge that you will not, at this point have the option to see somebody who was near the heart. I was crying while at the same time taking a gander at the horde of individuals that had bunched around the house at that point. The voices of the individuals resounded in my ear hauntingly. Their shouts and yells offered ascend to my dread. I was astonished by the alarm of the emergency vehicle, the squad car and the firemen, the ringing of the telephones of the group, the shouting, the cries, the expanding thunder of the fire; everything added disorder to that place and scared me considerably more. Apparitions of smoke were floating over the road. I smelled smoke. It was not overwhelming, however it had an impactful smell. I began to hack as the smoke encased me. The air encompassing me was getting less breathable constantly. My mouth was loaded up with the harsh taste of the smoke. I needed a draft of clear air to flush out my contaminated lungs. The hack had irritated agony in my mind. My eyes were getting swollen and watery. Before long, the fire got very crazy as the entire house was ablaze. The firemen cleared the road and advised everybody to go inside their homes. I had no real option except to withdraw to my room where I could see, feel, and hear Emily’s house burn to the ground. In no time flat, the house had been diminished to a heap of rubble, remains, and seething wood and things. There was a spoiling smell that assumed control over the entire neighborhood, similar to an awful grill party turned out badly. The smell was overwhelming to the point that it took nearly 7 days to get it out of my nose. That frightening night of December despite everything reminds me how significant an individual is a major part of our life. On the off chance that the firemen were even one moment late in saving Emily, I would have lost my closest companion that day.

Save More Money with These 40 Expert Tips

Save More Money with These 40 Expert Tips Save More Money With These 40 Expert Tips Save More Money With These 40 Expert TipsWhether youre using multiple savings accounts or a simple change jar, there are plenty of ways you can save more money and protect yourself from financial uncertainty.Saving money isn’t easy, especially if you don’t have a solid strategy. That’s why we reached out to a whole bunch of personal finance experts and came away with these 40 great tips with us to help you save more by saving smarter.1. Create a budget.Matt Dworetsky, President of  Dworetsky Financial in Wall Township, New Jersey:“Creating a budget is one of the first steps a person should take to save money. If you don’t know what you’re spending your money on, it’s harder to save. Creating a spending plan allows you to see how much money you have coming in and plan how and where you will spend it. Following your budget will guarantee that you are able to pay your bills each month and have enough left over to go towards savings or repaying debt.2. Track your spending.S tephanie Hammell, MBA,  an investment advisor with  LPL Financial:“Start with a money tracker like Mint: Money, Bill Pay, Credit Score Investing that will help track your historical habits with money and spending, which can help lead to better planning for the future.“The main goal will be to identify what you need to be focusing on. Then plan to deploy assets, resources,  and energy to get to where you want to be. Determine where you are willing to make sacrifices in your purchases for gains in other objectives.  â€3. Set a goal.Keina Newell, founder of  Wealth Over Now (@wealthovernow) financial coaching and education:“Define how much you want to save and what youre saving for and how soon you want to save the specific amount.  For example, I want to save $1000 in the next 12 months to start an emergency fund.“Now, do the math to see how much you would need to save monthly (1000/12=83) Now you know you need to save $83 a month or about $21 a week.  Making a goal that i s specific and time-bound provides you with increased clarity and confidence.”4. Cut out any unnecessary spending.Hanna Horvath, personal finance reporter at  Policygenius  (@policygenius):“Once you’ve outlined your spending in your budgeting sheet, you’ll be able to see where you can cut back. For example, you might see you’re paying for cable when you only use online streaming services or you keep paying for that gym membership you never really use.“Perhaps you’re still getting hit with a charge for an online magazine subscription you stopped reading months ago. Canceling these services will help you cut back on your spending and, ultimately, boosting your savings.”5. Pay yourself first.Logan Allec, CPA (@moneydoneright), owner of personal finance website  Money Done Right:“Too many people simply spend any extra money they get. When they do this, they are not paying themselves first and making themselves rich; they are paying the stores they shop at and making th ese stores rich!“So commit to depositing a certain percentage of what you earn into a savings or investment account before giving your money to anybody else.”Mercedes Forrest, personal finance coach,  and Certified Financial Education at  BottomLineFinances.com  (@bottomlinefinances):“Before you pay any bills,  pay yourself first. So, what does this mean? It means as soon as any income hits your bank account, you put some money aside for savings. Start small and build your way up, even if you start with only $50 per paycheck. Paying yourself first puts this money out of sight and out of mind. Soon enough you’ll get used to not having this money to spend.”6. Start with the change jar technique.Todd R. Christensen, author, Accredited Financial Counselor ®, and education manager at  Money Fit by DRS, Inc. (@MoneyFitbyDRS):“Get a big, clear water cooler bottle (big body, small neck) and dump all change into it as you walk in the door. As you see it growing, you will realize you can save and feel very little pain from doing so. Once you catch the savings fever, you can move to additional savings options.”7. Set up a savings account.Mercedes Forrest:“If you want to successfully save then you should separate your savings from your bills and spending money by putting it in a separate account. If you don’t separate this money, then you will be more inclined to spend it whether by accident on purpose.“There are multiple options for savings accounts, but you should consider an online savings that yields a slightly higher interest rate than a traditional savings account. Online savings accounts also provide more limitations to easily accessing your savings.  Thus, minimizing savings dipping.”Hanna Horvath:“Interest rates generally fall between 0.01 percent and two percent for a basic account, which is better than nothing. You could also consider a high-yield savings account if that feels right for your budget.”Andy Misek, digital marketing speci alist at personal finance comparison site  Finance Guru:The only downfall to having a savings account is that youre limited in how many transfers you have each month. If you use too many transfers, the account can automatically be changed to a checking account and youll no longer reap the benefits of the interest.”8. Use multiple bank accounts.Ronit Enos  (@ronitenossalonsprofits),  business strategist and ideation coach:“If you want to thrive and understand money and spending, follow this tip: Have clarity on your financial goals such as: what kind of home and vacation you want, amount you want to spend on health and wellness, the amount of saving you need to put aside (life insurance, college fund, personal development, retirement) and annual taxes.“Then, open five bank accounts named for each category and deposit money into them every month, even if it’s a small amount:“Income: for deposits only, whatever comes from your income.“Saving Allocation: 10 percent if you ar e 2 2-32, 20 percent if you are 32-55 (for IRA, college, personal development emergencies).“Household Musts: transportation, rent, utilities, mortgage.“Health and Wellness: the gym, yoga, meditation, supper food.“Travel and Leisure: need but not must, vacation entertainment fun.”“Plan a financial meeting on the 10th and the 25th of every month, for not more than one hour, and every 3months celebrate your wins!”9. Build the habit.Keina Newell:“Its important that we start saving early and often. The habit of saving, even if its only five dollars a month or $25 month is most important.  Commit to saving a set amount each paycheck.”10. Start your emergency fund.Matt Dworetsky:“We all know we should have one for life’s unexpected events, but not many people actually take the time to open an emergency account and set up automatic deposits. Creating an emergency fund will give you peace of mind and help out in the case of job loss, car troubles or medical expenses.”S tephanie Hammell:“Put aside at least three-to-six months’ worth of living expenses as a rainy day fund. There will always be something that comes up unexpectedly such as car maintenance, hospital expenses, or layoffs at work, so this will help save you the stress of having to worry about how to pay those off.“This should be a priority as a financial security measure. If your paychecks are inconsistent, then youll want to put aside even more so you can feel confident you are prepared for that rainy day (which will come at some point).”11. Take advantage of 401(k) matching.Andy Misek:There are many ways to put money aside and have it work for you. One of the most common ways people put money aside is through their companys 401(k). A 401(k) is a retirement fund that many companies offer.“Not only is it a great way to save for your retirement, but your company may also match a certain percentage contribution. For instance, if you put five percent of your pre-taxed income into your 401(k), your company will match that contribution. Thats free money put towards your retirement!12. Invest in your future goals.Stephanie Hammell:Open up an investment account, such as an IRA or 401(k) with tax advantages. Diversify your assets among various asset classes of stocks, bonds or mutual funds. The allocation apportioned to each of these will really depend on the amount of risk that the individual is willing and able to take on to sleep at night!Roth IRA’s can be a great choice because they offer post-tax investment growth, which means that your contributions are taxed upon entry, allowing your assets to grow tax-free leading to tax-free income in retirement. You can withdraw up to $10,000 without penalty from this type of account for a first-time home purchase too. You can also withdraw contributions you make to your Roth tax and penalty free anytime.13. Define  your why.  Ahna Holloran, personal finance coach with  Fika Finance  (@fikafinance):“Saving money is an important step towards financial success. Many of us know we should do, but were unclear as to why and how.“Defining the why is key. If you dont why you are saving, or what you are saving for, then it will be much harder to delay pleasure in other areas of your life in order to save.“A why could be to be able to pay for an emergency (such as a car repair or medical cost) out of pocket and not be afraid for my familys health and safety, or to save for a house and have a safe and comfortable place to live, or something similar.“Define your why, and then take actions to put it into practice. When you have defined your why and gotten a clear picture of your money, the physical act of saving becomes a lot easier and more enjoyable!”14. Minimize your utility bills.Andy Misek:You also need to be conscientious about your utility bills as well.. Turn off your lights and tv, take shorter showers, dont run your dishwasher. While all of these things seem trivial, they all make a huge difference in the cost of your energy bill. While gas, electricity, and water are all essential, youre in control over how much you pay for all of those.Doug Keller, marketing manager at Payless Power (@paylesspower):“Turn Down the Water Heater: As the second largest expense within our homes, the water heater is responsible for supplying the sinks, shower, dishwasher, and laundry machine with hot water. Frequently, the default temperature for the tanked heater is set to 140 degrees Fahrenheit but that is higher than necessary as it could enable water to reach scalding levels. By dialing things back to 120 degrees, you can still get the hot water you desire and save a lot of energy in the process, which will save you money each month.“Change your Light Bulbs: While you can wait for your light bulbs to burn out, taking an active approach and purchasing energy efficient bulbs like LEDs and CFLs to replace the use of incandescent bulbs will pay off. Incandescents only convert aroun d 10-20 percent of the energy they’re supplied with to light, meaning they waste a lot unnecessarily. In comparison, energy efficient bulbs can convert 80-90 percent of their energy into light. They also have longer lifespans than incandescents, ensuring a long-run benefit.“Unplug Electronics: Even after they have been powered off, electronic devices have the ability to consume electricity if they are left plugged in. This is known as vampire energy and it can make up roughly 20 percent of the monthly electricity costs incurred within households. As a result, once you are done using electronics be sure to unplug them. It’s simple but could save you a couple hundred dollars a year.15. Automate your savings:Keina Newell:Set up an auto draft from your checking account to a savings account that is not linked to your checking account. I always suggest that clients use a high-interest bearing account (e.g., Ally, Discover) they get the perks of earning interest on their money, and i ts not attached to their regular account.Mercedes Forrest:“Eliminate the thought process of saving by automating the process. Time the automation so that as soon as your income hits your bank account your savings is automatically transferred to a savings account.”16. Manage your debt.Stephanie Hammell:“If you feel you are living paycheck to paycheck, you may be paying high interest rates on too much debt. Before you can maximize on what assets you currently have, youll need to get your debt under control. Making it a habit to fully pay off your credit card bill in the month you get it is one factor that can help manage that.”17. Be careful with credit cards.Andy Misek:“One way many people end up not saving money is by using their credit card too frequently. Its so easy to use your credit cardâ€"you get what you want and you arent using any money in your account. However, youll have to pay that money back at the end of the month.“If you cant you start accruing interest an d this is where the problem comes in. Youre paying more money than the original purchase is worth.”18. Lower your interest rates.Matt Dworetsky:“If you have good credit, you may be able to negotiate lower interest rates on credit card debts. Before calling, evaluate the terms of your credit card and look for competing offers, this will make your case stronger while negotiating. Be polite to the representative on your phone, and if they say no, continue to pay off your debts and try again in a few months.”19. Increase your income.Marc Andre, personal finance blogger at  VitalDollar.com (@vital_dollar):“One of the most effective ways to build up savings is actually to focus on increasing your income. The more money that you make, the more money youll have to save (assuming your expenses dont increase as well).“Making more money may sound difficult, but today there are countless ways to make some extra money in your spare time. You can drive for Uber, walk dogs, clean houses, mow lawns, sell crafts on Etsy, take online surveys, rent out a room in your house, or offer any number of different services as a freelancer. Those are just a few of the ideas.“Its very realistic to make a few hundred dollars per month with a side hustle, and that can have a huge impact on your savings.”Mike Pearson, founder of personal finance website  Credit Takeoff:  â€œThe best way to boost your savings is to increase your income. The more money you have coming in, the more you can save.  Easier said than done? With todays gig economy, there are endless options for someone to make an extra $50 per week if youre creative and willing enough.“They can:“Drive for Uber or Lyft.“Deliver for PostMates.“Mow lawns or shovel snow.“Rent a spare room on Airbnb.“Walk dogs.“Do mystery shopping.”“I could go on and on. The point is that there are so many ways to make an extra buck, either on the weekends or at night. You might only have to put in 5-10 hours of work per week to get an extra $200 a month in cash. Then, with that extra cash in hand, you can start to strategize how to build your savings.”20. Buy used whenever you can.Logan Allec:“Being willing to purchase high-quality used items can save you hundreds if not thousands of dollars a year. This thinking can be applied to minor purchases such as clothing and small appliances, of course, but the larger the purchase, the bigger the savings you will enjoy.“Consider a vehicle purchase.  According to Carfax, the value of a new car can drop by up to 20 percent … just in the first year of ownership! Why not take advantage of the depreciation inherent in new car purchases by buying used?”21. Don’t forget your inner college student.Matthias  Alleckna,  energy analyst for energy rate comparison website EnergyRates.ca:“Some people tell you to never lose your inner child. When it comes to personal finances, Id suggest you not to lose your inner college student. Im not saying you should live in a dorm or eat junk food every day but think of the good old days when you didnt need a car, a three-bedroom apartment or even cable.“As adults, sometimes we caught ourselves paying for things we dont really need in the name of comfort. The truth is that you can live a comfortable life and still let go of some superficial things. Even on a budget, if you look around you will notice you pay for things you dont need or use frequently. Dont be afraid of changes and get rid of those things.”22. Do your grocery shopping  online.Jenna Coleman,  consumer behavior expert in the grocery industry at ParticularPantry.com  (@particularpantry):“While it may sound counterintuitive, ordering groceries online can really help save money. Many online stores are becoming more competitive with in-store pricing, Walmart matches everything but the coupons, and shoppers arent tempted into impulse buys that blow their budget.“Buying groceries online also allows the shopper to see the running total of their groceries so they can be more deliberate about which items they need in order to stay on budget.23. Pack your own lunch and make your own coffee.Matt Dworetsky:“We all like to indulge now and then, but getting in the habit of buying lunch and coffee every day adds up quickly. Take a few minutes in the morning to pack your own lunch and brew your own coffee. Put all the money your saving towards something that will last longer than your lunch break.”24. Take food savings one step further.Hanna Horvath:“Sure, you’ve probably heard about how you’ll save more by not going out to eat, but even if you always do meal prep, there are plenty of additional ways to save when grocery shopping. We have a list of  50 ways to save on groceries that can really help you cut back on food expenses.”25. Use cash-back apps.McKinzie Bean, blogger and  entrepreneur at  Moms Make Cents (@momsmakecents):There are a number of things that you can do to save money, but some of my fa vorites are tightening your grocery budget and using cash-back apps. When these two strategies are stacked it can make a big impact on your budget.“Before going to the grocery store look up the weekly ad for a few places in your area. Pay the most attention the items they have listed on the first page. These are called loss leaders and are generally priced extra low as an incentive to get you to come into their store. Meal plan around the items that are marked down that week. That will save you money on your groceries every week.“To stack the savings download a cash-back app like Ibotta or Drop and you can earn cash back on qualifying purchases. When you stack that with the already low prices when you are shopping the savings can add up quickly!26. Stash extra windfalls to boost your savings!Keina Newell:“I know it sounds funny but when you get unexpected income (e.g., tax refunds, pay raise, bonus, gifts) use a percentage of that to boost your savings.”Mercedes Forrest:“D on’t use a bonus or a pay raise as an opportunity to ball out of control. Yes, you can treat yourself to a little something, however, you should use a bonus or extra bit of monthly cash from a raise as an opportunity to save more.”27. Put your money where you can’t get it.Todd R. Christensen:“Trick yourself by either direct depositing or automatically transferring savings to an account at a bank or credit union that is separate from where you keep your checking account. Do NOT get an ATM card and try to find a financial institution with no evening or weekend hours and no drive through. Make it inconvenient to get your money out of your savings.”28. Lower your rent.Justin Pogue, real estate consultant, financial  advisor, and author of Rental Secrets:“Those with lower incomes are seeing rent consume an ever larger percentage of their income. Affordable housing and other assistance programs do exist. But, there are far too many people competing for far too few openings lea ving most to deal with the traditional rental market. Learning market-based strategies to slow the growth of rent cost or reducing rent can greatly enhance their ability to save.“These strategies include learning to rent when the lowest rents of the year are available, and to obtain free rent by working for landlords who own smaller properties. As my book Rental Secrets points out, landlords have problems. Landlords pay renters who solve their problems in the form of lower rent.“A great majority of people are looking to get their housing in place before school starts. This is why theres such a frenzy for housing in the late summer. However, there are still vacancies that landlords need to fill in the late fall and winter. But, the number of people looking has dropped dramatically. This puts renters in a position to obtain rent discounts approaching 6 percent just based on timing, as verified by a study performed by Renthop.com.“Another strategy from my book is to work as the l andlords on-site representative for a smaller property. Some landlords simply recognize the benefit of having such a person available, while others are legally required to do so. In exchange, these representatives receive drastically reduced rent or even free rent for their services.29. Review your credit card statements.Matt Dworetsky:“Far too many of us neglect to review our credit card statement each month, which could be a costly mistake.  It is always a good idea to double check that the charges are correct, that your payments are being made on time and that no fraudulent activity occurred. It’s also possible that you’ll catch some subscription fees you forgot you were paying.”30. Create a shopping list … and stick to it.Logan Allec:“One of the biggest budget (and time) killers is wandering aimlessly through major retailers such as Target or Walmart with the intention of only buying one or two items but walking out hours later having spent an extra $20, $50, or eve n $100 more than you thought you would.“To kick this habit, create a shopping list of exactly what you need to purchase and then stick to this list once you get into the store. Dont even go to any unnecessary aisles!  Just go straight to the items you need, purchase them, and leave the premises.”31. Meal-plan.Jenna Coleman:“Even though the average American family spends 10 percent of their budget on groceries, very few have a set grocery budget or thought out meal plans. Even fewer are educated about all of their grocery shopping choices.“As a consumer behavior expert in the grocery industry, I find that the most effective thing a family can do is spend time every week to create a meal plan and then compare the prices between a few stores to make sure they are saving the most money.”32. Blindly” contribute to your future.Stephanie Hammell:“Just like the accomplished feeling you get after a workout to improve your wellbeing, you rarely regret saving for your own future â€"you know you will need that money one day!“Once you open up your investment account, plan to set up automatic payments from your checking account to that investment account bi-weekly or monthly right when your paycheck hits your account.“This way, you will not see the money leaving your checking account and it won’t hurt as much to see it go- it will have been as if it wasn’t even there in the first place! In the process, however, you will be saving yourself a better future.“Whether its $1,000, $500, $100, $50 to $20 a month, there is always a certain amount that someone could put aside for that, even if it requires just buying one less lunch or dinner out a week.“Most importantly, the time to start is never tomorrow, it is always now. As they say, it’s not about timing the market, but time in the market, so start as early as you can and make that money work for you!”33. Make it a family matter.Keina Newell:“Teach your children the power of saving, have money co nversations.  When your child gets money for birthdays or chores or performing a job encourage them to split their funds into three buckets (giving, saving, spending).“Take it a step further and make them use the money theyve set aside for spending to fund their lifestyle while also teaching them the importance of saving.”34. Get fixed-price deals on regular expenses.Matthias Alleckna:“When youre on a budget, cost certainty is even more significant. Any small change to your budget could impact your finances significantly, so you need to make sure you avoid surprises the most you can.“One of the best ways of reaching financial predictability is getting as many fixed-price deals as you can. From the electricity bill to your phone plan, do what you can to make sure you pay predictable bills every month. Such a measure will allow increasing your financial stability and protect you from negative surprises.”35. Use the library.Doug Keller:“As a home for thousands of books and internet access, the library is a great place to go regularly to cut the energy use within your home for a time while still having access to the things you need. And with a library card, you can check out books and even DVDs possibly for free, which will reduce your entertainment expenses.”36. Stay home once in a whileAndy Misek:“One thing many younger people have a problem with is going out too often. Its easy to get a group of friends together, go out and get some food. However, that adds up VERY quickly. You need to limit how often you go out and have people over at your house. Youll end up saving a ton of money.37. Re-shop your insurance policies.Hanna Horvath:“One of the best ways to save on an expense you have to haveâ€"insuranceâ€"is to periodically re-shop existing policies. A  Policygenius survey found that one in three Americans have never re-shopped their home or auto insurance. But by not doing this, you could be leaving money on the table.”38. Freeze your credi t.Matt Dworetsky:“As of last year, everyone is able to freeze their credit with the three major credit bureaus for free. This feature is offered online and is very quick and easy. Identity theft is very prevalent, and scammers who open fraudulent cards in your name can destroy your credit score.“Freezing your credit takes ten minutes and puts you in control of your finances. If you have a child under the age of 18, you can also freeze their credit for them.”39. Dont focus on the amounts, focus on the actions.Robyn, creator of the personal finance blog  A Dime Saved, (@adimesaved) for financial newbies:“My advice would be: Dont focus on the amounts, focus on the actions. Dont worry if you cant save more than five dollars a month. The important thing is that you are saving.”“When you budget for savings (no matter how small) you are creating good financial habits that will get you in the habit of saving, especially when you do eventually have a bigger income. Also, even thi s small amount is better than nothing!”“Dont think that just because you can only save small amounts its not worthwhile to save what you can. Every dime counts!”40. Make it fun!Mercedes Forrest:“Set a savings goal, give yourself a due date and reward yourself along the way for hitting your savings target. For example, if your savings target is $500 then celebrate by giving yourself a reward when you reach $250 and then again when you reach $500.”What will you do with that money?Will you spend it? We dont really recommend you do that. In fact, one of the best things you can do with that money is simply  hanging onto it. Even if youre not investing that money and letting it grow, maintaining a well-stocked emergency fund will help keep your financial situation stable.When folks  dont  have an emergency fundâ€"or any money in savings at allâ€"an unexpected bill or emergency expense could end up knocking their wallet for a loop. This is how people end up taking out high-cost n o credit check loans like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances just to get by.Relying on the wrong bad credit loan could leave you trapped in a cycle of debt for months or even years to come! Thats why you should use the money you save to help build a brighter, more stable financial future instead. To learn more, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Building Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your Money8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackThe Broke Person’s Guide to Credit CardsDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsLogan Allec (@moneydoneright) is a CPA and owner of the personal finance website  Money Done Right.    After spending his twenties grinding it out in the corporate world and paying off over $35,000 in student loans, he dropped everything and launched  Money Done Rig ht  in 2017.    His mission is to help everybodyâ€"from college students to retireesâ€"make, save, and invest more money.    Logan resides in the Los Angeles area with his wife Caroline.Matthias  Alleckna has worked in the energy industry for a number of years. He is currently an energy analyst at  EnergyRates.ca, a leading energy rate comparison website that helps consumers find low-cost rates for electricity and gas. From personal finances to everything energy,  Matthias writes weekly content for the EnergyRates.ca blog and has contributed to many media outlets such as HuffPost, Yahoo! and Forbes.Marc Andre is a personal finance blogger at  VitalDollar.com (@vital_dollar), where he writes about saving money, managing money, and ways to make more money. His goal with Vital Dollar is to help individuals and families get the most out of the money they have and to reach their full financial potential. He lives in Pennsylvania with his wife and their two kids(a son and a daughter).McKi nzie Bean (@momsmakecents)  is a mother of two and personal finance junkie. She loves teaching other moms how to save money, make money and take control of their financial situation. She has degrees in behavioral science and financial planning and has been featured in major publications like Forbes, The Penny Hoarder, Tailwind and more.Author and Accredited Financial Counselor ®, Todd R. Christensen, MIM, MA, is Education Manager at  Money Fit by DRS, Inc. (@MoneyFitbyDRS), a nationwide nonprofit financial wellness and credit counseling agency. Todd develops educational programs and produces materials that teach personal financial skills and responsibilities to all ages. Having facilitated nearly two thousand workshops since 2004 on the fundamentals of effective money management, he based his first book, Everyday Money for Everyday People (2014), on the discussions, tips, stories and ideas shared by the tens of thousands of individuals and couples in attendance.Jenna Coleman  (@part icularpantry) is a consumer behavior expert in the grocery industry who believes that finding the right food for your family should be easier. She  is a firm believer that everyone can be an educated consumer and she’s on a mission to bring unbiased transparency to your choices of food and modes of shopping so that you can make deliberate choices for your particular life.Matt Dworetsky, president of Dworetsky Financial, helps clients maximize their retirement by creating personalized plans for their goals. Whether you are a federal employee, small business owner or any person looking to set up your retirement the right way, Matt will help create a legacy and plan for retirement pitfalls.Ronit Enos  (@ronitenossalonsprofits) is an award-winning business strategist and ideation coach practicing innovative approaches that allow entrepreneurs to achieve optimal freedom and success. Salon  Cadence  is her unique program that teaches business owners how to manage cash flow, and gain cla rity and confidence on how to run their businesses.    Her philosophy allows owners to reduce time spent on minutia and focus approximately 85 percent of their efforts on business development to achieve financial freedom and success.Mercedes Forrest  (@bottomlinefinances) is a Personal Finance Educator who navigates professional women in the spirited pursuit of using their finances to create financial freedom and a fuller life. In the spirited pursuit of creating her own financial freedom, she paid off $100K in student loan debt, built a five-figure emergency savings account in addition to creating a fund which allowed her to take a four-month unpaid sabbatical to travel.Stephanie Hammell is an Investment Advisor through LPL Financial, the largest independent broker-dealer in the nation. She is also the founder of the Health and Wealth Society, a 5-star rated organization dedicated to help improve the physical, mental and spiritual wellbeing of the community through fulfilling exper iences. According to a LinkedIn study done by J.P. Morgan Asset Management, Stephanie was ranked #1 as the most endorsed person at LPL Financial for Financial Planning (data provided by #instats).Creator and financial coach at Fika Finance  (@fikafinance), Ahna Holloran is devoted to empowering you in your financial journey. She’ll guide you away from stress and anxiety, giving you tools to take control of your finances and forge a healthy relationship with money.Hanna Horvath  (@Hanna__Horvath) is a personal finance reporter at  Policygenius  Magazine (@policygenius) in New York City. She previously wrote for KNBC in Los Angeles and has a journalism degree, with an emphasis on public health, from Syracuse University.Douglas Keller has been a financial expert for 20 years, helping people reach financial stability. He works for  Payless Power (@paylesspower) where he continues to help people save money on their bills every month.Andy  Misek  is the Digital Marketing Specialist at F inance Guru, a comparison website for loans, credit cards, insurance, banks,  and home utilities.Keina Newell (@wealthovernow) is the founder and financial coach at  Wealth Over Now. She was her  first client. She came out of school with $75,000 in debt, making $33,000 so she started having money dates with herself  to align her income with her goals. By the age of 28, she bought her first home and paid off her student loans a few years later.  She now empowers single young professional women to gain clarity and confidence with their money.Mike  Pearson  is the founder of  Credit Takeoff, a research-driven personal finance site for people looking to improve their credit. A proud member of the 800 Credit Club,  Mike  writes about practical steps that everyday consumers can take to increase their credit scores. His advice on credit repair and credit scores has appeared in QuickBooks, Go Banking Rates, and MortgageLoan.com.Justin Pogue currently works as a real estate consultant based in San Jose, CA.    His services are sought after by property management companies, investors, and real estate consulting companies alike.    Since 2003, he has developed and managed apartments, rental homes and student housing across the United States.    Justin holds a degree in Economics from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, and an MBA from The Darden School at the University of Virginia.Robyn is a mother and someone who feels passionately about helping people with their finances. She has taken her personal experience, advice she was given, things she has learned on her own and in her MBA studies and tries to share what she feels is important financially on her blog,  A Dime Saved  (@adimesaved).

Myth, Magic and Midsummer Madness - Literature Essay Samples

In a fine example of Shakespearean irony, scholars have suggested that A Midsummer Nights Dream was originally written as entertainment for an aristocratic wedding. The Lord Chamberlains Players provided the noble bride and groom, the ultimate symbol of harmony and true love, with a delightful comedy about gender conflict, transformed emotions, myth, and magic. Shakespeare avoids the social conventions of the civilized world by introducing a green world ( Introduction, MND, 808) where the fairies rule. It is within this metaphysical world, and its associated suspended disbelief, that he calls on the fancy of myth and magic as a means of exploring the idiosyncrasies behind human behavior. More importantly, it is only through accepting the possibility of Pucks love juice or the power of Cupids arrow that we can understand and forgive the intolerable behavior between Demetrius, Lysander and their scorned lovers.As each man changes his affections from one woman to the other, he fli ngs brutal verbal insults toward his past love. These irrational and undeserved rebukes build a relationship of engagement and detachment with the audience, which is critical to the mechanics of the comedy. Audience engagement is invited with the sharing of Lysander and Hermias elopement secrets in Act 1.1; however the gratuitously cruel statements that follow in 2.1, 2.2, and 3.2 force the audience to detach or distance themselves from the painful insults, and in doing so, laughter is generated ( Introduction to MND, 810 ). The words themselves, despite their disturbing nature, are not of primary importance. It is the tone established between the characters and the resulting sense of injustice that shocks the audience into this powerfully manipulative relationship.The biting remarks made by Lysander and Demetrius highlight several areas of conflict that drive the comedy. To begin with, it is essential that the audience accept that such wicked words are the direct result of the p ower of the metaphysical world. The hierarchy of creation is upside-down in this green world, and the caustic words and irrational actions of the mortals are a direct result of fairy mischief. Social conflict is evident by a loss of decorum which occurs when Lysander and Demetrius, gentlemen in the city of Athens, become unjustifiably ruthless in their treatment of their past lovers. The social courtesy expected between a gentleman and a young maiden is called into conflict by Lysanders rude and gratuitous name calling when he refers to the innocent Hermia as an Ethiope, a cat, a burr, and a dwarf (3.2). To be deemed positive, male dominance must be in balance with his role as a protector. When Demetrius threatens to do [her] mischief in the wood (2.1.237) when the love-sick Helena follows him into the forest, the relationship appears irrevocability damaged. This remark, shared with other thinly veiled threats, forces the audience to explore the gender conflict.Not only limited to the stage, secondary conflict is created between the players and the audience. When the powerful arrow of Cupid causes Demetrius to fall in love with Hermia and abandon Helena, the tone established by his stinging words ensures audience sympathy is generated. Likewise, the transformation of Lysander when under the influence of Pucks love juice is dramatic and powerful. His dreadful and prolonged rebuke of Hermia in Act 3.2 equates him with Demetrius in the audiences mind. Creating a character type, it becomes difficult to tell the two men apart, and the audience is in conflict when searching to define their identities. The blurring of the characters not only emphasizes action over the character, but is an effective tool in reducing blame. This confusion forces the audience to refrain from choosing one character over another, and to look to the bigger picture: unresolved conflict, the trials of romantic love, and the power of the metaphysical world.This complex and delightful com edy takes a fanciful look at the power of the metaphysical world. Oberon, Puck, and Cupid are ultimately responsible for the dramatic changes in Lysander and Demetrius. The golden tip of Cupids arrow and Pucks powerful love juice need only a moment to send the mortal world into chaos. The intense passions triggered by the fairies misadventures can hardly be blamed on the men themselves, and therefore the portrayals of Demetrius and Lysander do not show psychological verisimilitude. As quickly as Pucks potions can turn the world upside down, his antidote can right it. Confirmation of this is found in Act 4 when Lysander, explaining himself to Theseus, admits confusion, saying Half sleep, half waking. But as yet, I swear, I cannot truly say how I came here, ( 4.1.144-145). Likewise, Demetrius explains his change of heart as being like in sickness (4.1.170), but now restored in health (4.1.171).The mechanics of a comedy require disorder and happy resolution. The tone set by the men s cruel and gratuitous remarks created much of the conflict that drove the plot and incited laughter. By the plays end, the audience is able to forgive the harsh words as harmony is restored and the metaphysical mischief-makers assume responsibility for the unnatural chaos they have created. Although at times uncomfortable and unjust, perhaps the power of this comedy is built by the extreme discord. As Puck reminds us in the Epilogue, harmony is essential to the fulfillment of a comedy.Greenblatt,Stephen, et al.,eds. The Norton Shakespeare. New York: Norton,1997.

Disorders of the Nervous System Huntington’s disease

Disorders of the Nervous System: Huntington’s disease Huntington’s disease destroys the organs that carry the functions of the central nervous system. Kalat (2013) states, â€Å"Huntington disease (also known as Huntington disease or Huntington’s Chorea) is a severe neurological disorder that strikes about 1 person in 10,000 in the United States† (A.B. Young, 1995, p. 258).Individual’s develop the symptoms in their middle age, but even if it is a rare disorders juveniles as well as children before the age of ten can develop the disease. Huntington’s disease is hereditary disease that is passed on from a parent. Huntington’s disease is of the lack of the chromosome 4, if one of the parents carries the gene, they can pass that gene to their†¦show more content†¦The mother may decide to conduct a genetic test or speak to her children about the potential risk of inheriting Huntington’s disease, this is an option a family may have knowing the medical genealogy. Symptoms Huntington’s disease may be irreversible but it can be treated with proper treatment may slow down the effects of the disease and medical attention. In children who have symptoms of Huntington’s disease, some of the symptoms would be a rapid deteriorating in school performance, lack of swift movements, behavior changes etc... In Geevasinga et al. (2006) stated, the mother and a teacher reported about the nine-year-old boy beginning to have symptoms and behaviors that the child was having at home and during school. As the disease progressed his behavior was severely compromised: he displayed severe emotional frequent changes and experienced nightmares, agitation, and anxiety which led to other behavior problems (p. 552). Huntington’s disease would affect motor movements such as doing jerks and twitches. Tremors would spread and gradually interfere with walking, speech, and other voluntary movements. Central Nervous System Huntington’s disease begins affecting the organs, it destroys the function of the multiple roles of the nervous system and the brain cells. The disease causes advanced deterioration and loss of brain cells, and contributes to a devastating loss of motor functions followed by advanced cognitive and intellectual impairment. Nervous SystemShow MoreRelatedHuntington s Disease And The Nervous System856 Words   |  4 Pages Huntington’s disease, also known as Huntington’s chorea, is a rare pathology among the nervous system. With fewer than 200,000 US cases per year is an inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over a period of time. This disease will usually start to effect people when they are in their 30s or 40s. Huntington’s usually results in psychiatric symptoms, progressive movement and thinking. No cure to this disease exists but physical therapy, drugs, and talk therapy can help manageRead MoreThe Nervous System, By Caroline Bunker Rosdahl966 Words   |  4 PagesThe nervous system, according to Caroline Bunker Rosdahl, takes what we learn from the outside world and stores the information selectively in our memory to refer back to and to apply to other aspects of our lives. The nervous system also coordinates messages from the internal body systems s o that the body can readjust certain internal environments and external environments constantly. The nervous system is set up to send messages to a certain part of the body, and the nerves are the wires that carryRead MoreNeurological Disorders Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesThat is why studying neurology and working on the treatment of neurological disorders is so critically important. Through the examination of Huntington’s disease, Bell’s Palsy, and Aphasia, neurologists can work to better the human mind and cure the diseases that attack it, which will infinitely enhance the lives of humans and create a brighter future for us all. The first disease being discussed, Bell’s Palsy, is a disorder resulting in temporary facial paralysis due to damage to the facial nervesRead MoreHow Does the Brain Work?1754 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone with a Neurological disorder, one counts his/her blessings. People with Neurological disorders struggle to function normally and knowing there is no cure to help them, it is frustrating. Cancer patients do struggle just like the patients with Neurological disorders but there is more patients with Neurological disorders than Cancer patients. The problem is more funding is given to Cancer research as opposed to Neurological research. A Patient with a Neurological disorder can be disabled their wholeRead More Understanding Huntingtons Disease Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Huntingtons Disease Diagnosis of Huntingtons Disease Today, a blood test is available to diagnose a person displaying suspected Huntingtons symptoms. The test analyzes DNA in the blood sample and counts the number of times the genetic code for the mutated Huntingtons gene is repeated. Individuals with Huntingtons Disease usually have 40 or more such repeats; those without it, 28 or fewer. If the number of repeats falls somewhere in between then more extensive neurologicalRead MoreHuntingtonS Disease . Our Bodies And The Functions Of1381 Words   |  6 Pages Huntington s Disease Our bodies and the functions of our body parts work in cohesion. Some systems include but not limited too cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and most importantly the nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system consist of all the nerves that branch off of the brain and spinal cord. With those systems we have the sensory division and the motor division alsoRead MoreEssay on Huntingtons Disease520 Words   |  3 PagesHuntingtons Disease Huntingtons disease is an autosomal dominant disorder, which is found on the # 4 chromosome. George Huntington discovered it in 1872. It mainly has an effect on the nervous system. There are around 210,000 bases between D4S180 and D4S127. The disease itself is found in 2% of people in their childhood, and in 5% of the people they were older then 60. (Miller p 16) In the majority of the affected people the disease is detected between the ages of 35-45. In males the diseaseRead MoreDna And Therapy Of Abnormal Psychology1291 Words   |  6 Pages EORY AND THERAPY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY The biological model is most important in function of the human system. In psychotherapy, if we have deficits with our biology, then we fix the deficient, inhibit the unwanted response or excite the wanted response. As William DeMeyer, MD relates, â€Å"all human behavior consists of secreting substances or changing the length of muscle fibers. Whatever the behavior, it originates from nerve impulses traveling through neural circuits. Therefore, all behaviorsRead MoreA Link Between Genetics And Gangliosidosis1577 Words   |  7 Pages Neurodegenerative Disorders: A link between genetics and gangliosidosis. A Review of the Literature Douglas Gilkinson Mercyhurst University – North East Campus Author Note This paper was prepared for English 120 – Writing and Research, taught by Mrs. Matz. Abstract There is a growing need for treatment of gangliosidoses, or the increase in lipid storage in cells. Diseases such as Tay-Sach’s, Sandhoff disease, Alzheimer’s and HIV are at the forefront of research into how theseRead MoreAre Antisense Oligonucleotides and Effective Trearment for Huntingtons Disease1486 Words   |  6 Pagestreatments has already been seen in other disease, such as Vitravene (or Fomivirsen), which was the first ASO made publicly available, and is used to treat cytomegalovirus retinitis, as well as Isis 3521 which when given to lung cancer patients in addition to combination chemotherapy has been seen to raise life expectancy by as much as 50%[2]. From these past successes, many have hypothesised that they might make an effective treatment for Huntington’s disease (HD) as well, which currently we are only

Understanding Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

The theory of evolution has itself evolved quite a bit since the time when Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace first came up with the theory. Much more data has been discovered and collected over the years that have only helped to enhance and sharpen the idea that species change over time. The modern synthesis of the theory of evolution combines several different scientific disciplines and their overlapping findings. The original theory of evolution was based mostly upon the work of Naturalists. The modern synthesis has the benefit of many years of research in Genetics and Paleontology, among other various subjects under the biology umbrella. The actual modern synthesis is a collaboration of a large body of work from such celebrated scientists as J.B.S. Haldane, Ernst Mayr, and Theodosius Dobzhansky. While some current scientists assert that evo-devo is also a part of the modern synthesis, most agree it has so far played a very slight role in the overall synthesis. While most of Darwins ideas are still very much present in the modern evolutionary synthesis, there are some fundamental differences now that more data and new disciplines have been studied. This does not, in any way, take away from the importance of Darwins contribution and, in fact, it only helps support most of the ideas Darwin put forth in his book On the Origin of Species. Differences Between Original Theory of Evolution and Modern Evolutionary Synthesis The three main differences between the original Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection proposed by Charles Darwin and the most current Modern Evolutionary Synthesis are as follows: The modern synthesis recognizes several different possible mechanisms of evolution. Darwins theory relied on natural selection as the only known mechanism. One of these different mechanisms, genetic drift, could even match the importance of natural selection in the overall view of evolution.Modern synthesis asserts that characteristics are passed down from parents to offspring on parts of DNA called genes. Variation between individuals within a species is because of the presence of multiple alleles of a gene.The modern synthesis of the Theory of Evolution hypothesizes that speciation is most likely due to the gradual accumulation of small changes or mutations at the gene level. In other words, microevolution leads to macroevolution. Thanks to years of dedicated research by scientists across many disciplines, we now have a much better understanding of how evolution works and a more accurate picture of the change species undergo over a period of time. Even though different facets of evolutionary theory have changed, the fundamental ideas are still intact and just as relevant today as they were in the 1800s.

Incarceration And Drug And Alcohol Abuse Rehabilitation...

Prison incarceration rates are increasing and there seems to be a pattern of specific groups of people, such as the minorities and indigenous groups who we see over and over again being imprisoned. There is also a pattern we see across different indigenous groups around different countries who are also facing similar problems because of their native’ status, such as Maori from New Zealand, Aboriginals from Canada and Indians from the USA, just to name a few. This essay will critically discuss the key issues identified by criminologists on huge incarceration rate for indigenous people, which includes institutional racism, high recidivism rates, and substance abuse issues. In addition, solutions to how these issues could be approached will be discussed, in terms of education, alternative methods to incarceration and drug and alcohol abuse rehabilitation programmes. With regards to the history of indigenous, from the colonial periods, the indigenous population have been faced with a lot of torture in a lot of areas of their lives. The generations of those who have been exposed to the colonial-horrors are still faced with disadvantages and consequences from what had happened during that period. (Broadhurt, 1996) using the cultural conflict theory advocates that those who have survived the post-colonial period, have been left disadvantaged socially and economically, as well as criminalised. The issue for the indigenous incarceration rates starts from minor offences such asShow MoreRelatedCorrectional Rehabilitation Programs Of California Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesCorrectional Rehabilitation Programs of California Rehabilitation programs that are available in prisons are a vital key to reforming at least eight out of ten inmates back to a productive, healthy citizen and leader. For this very reason the law AB 900 was passed in 2007 and just to give you a brief summary of the bill it discussed the establishment of pilot programs to be developed by the Department of Corrections for counseling and substance abuse that will assist inmates with their successfulRead MoreThe United States Prisons And Federal Prisons959 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Obama has been on a mission to reform the United States Jails and Federal Prisons. The number of incarcerations have been on the rise since 1980 and it continues to quadruple. State and federal prisons are over crowed with non-violent offenses. With overcrowded jails it has caused the economy more money and created dangerous living environments. Instead of incarceration what should be given is a realistic alternative for their actions. The government wi ll also spend less money. Non-violentRead MoreRehabilitation Programs Should Be Abolished1669 Words   |  7 Pagesin dire need of an effective method to rectify the habits and mentalities of these inmates. Rehabilitation programs should be implemented for prisoners being released back into the community. In addition to providing a more cost-effective alternative to incarceration, these programs could potentially transform offenders into responsible, productive members of society. Programs ranging from drug and alcohol treatment to helping further education and acquiring trades for future employment have beenRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Juvenile Delinquency1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe beginning of the program because of the evolving mentality of the generations. The purpose of Juvenile Justice was to correct the behavior of the juvenile delinquents and rehabilitation through a probationary period monitored by an individual who paid for bail and periodically reported behavior changes to courts. (Mulligan 2009) We do justice to the youth offenders by understanding the history of Juvenile Justice restorative programs, the alternatives to incarceration, and how to help themRead MoreDiscovering Practices That Reduces Recidivism1362 Words   |  6 Pageshas recently returned to policymaking agenda, as the need to remedy the cycle of incarceration is being acknowledge and addressed. With this renewed interest in reentry come federal funds and an effort to rigor ously evaluate programs aimed at helping prisoners successfully reintegrate into their communities. This paper examines these initiatives, describing lessons learned and identifying obstacles of both program implementation and evaluation. The goal is to provide insights and recommendationsRead MoreThe Failure Of The American Prison System1302 Words   |  6 Pagesoffenders off the streets, the modern prison system fails in fulfilling its original design of restoring criminals to being productive members of society. It has proven to be an inefficient and ineffective system by focusing on punishment over rehabilitation, leading to issues such as overcrowding, wasting taxpayers’ money and a high recidivism rate. As children, most people learn obedience through punishment. When we do something â€Å"wrong† one or several privileges are taken away by our parents.Read MoreThe Effects Of Substance Use Disorder On America s Prison System1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfor various drug related charge and is an admitted addict of intravenous cocaine and heroin. Heroin was discovered in the cell he resided in, and in an unprecedented legal proceeding, Judge Richard Berman gave Cameron the longest sentence on record for a prisoner found to have drugs while incarcerated. Instead of receiving much needed treatment for his disorder, Cameron will spend nearly the same amount of time in prison as his original sentence called for. The Numbers Drug use and abuse is not aRead MoreThe Effects Of Residential Schools On Disadvantaged Backgrounds855 Words   |  4 Pagestremendous psychological abuse to not only the children being forced to leave their homes, but also to their guardians. After this traumatic event, many aboriginal people resorted to substance abuse in order to cope with their experience in these schools. One study reported â€Å"82 percent of individuals were involved in substance abuse behaviors after attending residential schools.† (Chansonneuve, 2007, p.22). I believe that there is a negative correlation between substance abuse and crime rates, as provenRead MoreAn Overview of Alternative Methods of Incarceration700 Words   |  3 PagesAn Overview of Alternative Methods of Incarceration Leaders at the Federal, State, and Local levels are constantly seeking ingenious methods to reduce the costs of criminal justice and corrections. It is agreed that violent offenders should be in maximum security facilities, however establishing alternatives to prison for non-violent offenders have become a necessity (e.g. DMI, Project HOPE, The 24/7 sobriety project). Due to the overcrowding and budget issues, methods have been devised to increaseRead MoreMandatory Sentencing For Non Violent Crime1050 Words   |  5 Pages To begin, mandatory sentencing for non-violent and drug- related crimes should be eliminated. This law was established to dispose of the drugs masters and to reduce the selling of drugs in neighborhoods. However, this resulted in an adverse effect; with nonviolent drug and first time offenders getting brutal sentences expanding the prison population. Non-violent crime should be dealt with differently; offering instead mandatory rehabilitation and probation rather than serving time. Placing offenders

The Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology - 1988 Words

In 1956, Francis Crick first described what he called â€Å"The central dogma of molecular biology.† This essentially describes the flow of genetic information within cells. It states that DNA is transcribed into RNA with the help of an RNA polymerase enzyme. The RNA is then translated into a protein by protein synthesis. One thing that could drastically alter the genetic information within cells is a process called gene silencing. This process regulates the gene expression of certain genes and can occur in either transcription or translation. The process has been coined RNA interference and dsRNA gene silencing (Davidson and McCray Jr. 2011). Since direct evidence of double stranded RNA’s role in gene silencing was found in 1998 by researchers Fire and Mello, this topic has been the focus of much research in areas such as biomedical research, health care, and even agriculture. Double stranded RNA has been found to play a crucial role in things such as pest control , vector borne disease prevention, crop improvement, and in the development of therapeutics for different diseases through gene silencing. Although much research has been focused on the effects of gene silencing, there is still much more needing to be done. Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) consists of two complementary strands similar to those of DNA found in all cells. DsRNA is an important part of gene function and expression in eukaryotes and is also found as the genetic material of some viruses. It is known toShow MoreRelatedThe Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesAs we know, the central dogma of molecular biology furnishes how DNA makes RNA and further RNA into protein. This process gives us the holistic view and the progression of genetic information within the biological system. On the other hand, at the molecular level, a various stage process is essential for a gene to be expressed and to produce a functional protein. In this event, the primary step involves the making of DNA sequence into an mRNA sequence termed as â€Å"Transcription† and in the later stageRead MoreThe Importance Of Non-Coding Rnas1468 Words   |  6 Pagesof non-protein-coding RNAs produced by what is now termed â€Å"per vasive genomic transcription†, has left scientists with more questions than answers and presents challenges to the core assumptions that were once the solid foundations of modern molecular biology and genetics, furthering complexity of genomics. The function of these non-protein-coding RNAs has not been fully evaluated and the methods of doing so are still in question; however, there is evidence suggesting overall functionality of non-codingRead MoreThe Importance Of Rnas In Molecular Biology741 Words   |  3 PagesA lot has been discovered in the world of molecular biology especially revelations of the RNA world. Non-coding RNAs form a major part of it. A lot more of the human genome is transcribed than as initially thought and regulation is one of the major processes the non-coding RNAs (which though transcribed do not end up producing proteins) perform. These regulatory RNAs can be small like miRNAs, siRNAs, snRNAs of the spliceosome, snoRNAs for large RNA processing etc. or they can be long as in the caseRead MoreRole Of Ncrna1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe central dogma of biology holds that genetic information generally results from DNA to RNA to protein., this directional view has been changed by the emergence of non-coding RNAs(ncRNA) in gene expression. ncRNA is small RNA that constitute a large family of RNA that do not code for protein formerly seen as a waste, but that does not mean that these RNA does not have a biological function. Most importantly, they are shown to be implicated in the regulation of transcription and post-transcriptionRead MoreA Cell Bio Problem Set 11411 Words   |  6 Pagesphysics and chemistry? What would be your answer today? Living organisms contain molecular and cellular machinery that maintain homeostasis. All of this machinery is governed by the laws of Physics and Chemistry and with our increased understanding of the biological sciences we understand the complex relationship of all three of these sciences in living systems. Each science is inherently dependent on another: BiologyïÆ'   ChemistryïÆ'   PhysicsïÆ'   Mathematics. Do you think there are peculiar properties ofRead Morecomparative proteomics Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Comparative Proteomics: Protein Profiler Lab by Jonathan Thulson Biology 113 October 6, 2013 Lab Partner: Vernon Morris INTRODUCTION Proteomics is the study of proteins. Their functions, interactions with other proteins, cellular locations and levels at which they are expressed. The purpose of this lab was to compare the proteins present in different species of fish to be able to determine which species of fish have the closest relation. This can be determined based on whichRead MoreDescribe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins?1510 Words   |  7 Pagesgenetic information to produce proteins? Intro(10mins) Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity areRead MoreDescribe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins?1495 Words   |  6 Pagesdecode its genetic information to produce proteins? Intro(10mins) Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity areRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Double Helix And Dna979 Words   |  4 PagesDNA is the central dogma of modern biology, it is present in all living things from bacteria to mammals. DNA carries the genetic information of the organism and is used in processes like mitosis, meiosis and protein production. The reason as to why I chose this topic specifically is because it is central to my favourite aspect of biology, genetics. Prior to the discover of the double helix and DNA itself there was some information and experiments done on genetics with what little knowledge theyRead MoreA Study On The Lac Operon1332 Words   |  6 Pagesknown DNA-binding motifs. Question #3. RNA interference is defined as a type of gene silencing in which the mRNA transcript is prevented from being translated. RNAi involves the production of siRNAs and is the most common. RNAi is used to create molecular methods to cure diseases such as Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s, deadly viral infections and cancer. They can stop the progression of these deadly diseases or stop it at an early stage. RNAi has also been used for the biological control of crop production

Data Analysis Free Essays

To analyze the time series data, a statistical software (STATA) was used. In time series data analysis important required condition is stationarity of the data set. To test whether the time series is stationary or not, the two tests are used; the ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller) test and Zivot and Andrews test for unit root. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both of these tests have same null hypothesis that the series is non-stationary (unit root process). For ADF unit root test we need lag length for the given time series variables. The lag length is selected by using information criteria (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) mentioned in section [2.2]. We performed the unit root tests with both trend and constant. It is important because the graphs of the time series variables gives an indication, whether we will include the trend term in the model or not. We can check the t value as well for inclusion of trend term in the model. The graph of immigration, unemployment and inflation shows that these series have time trend, but GDP growth rate series has no trend. The Table 4 summarizes the results of ADF test at levels. The given table consists of test statistics value and p-value. In case of variable GROWTH, the hypothesis was rejected and we can say that GDP growth rate is stationary at levels. The remaining variables IMMIG, UNEMP and INF are non-stationary at levels. All these three variables are non-stationary, when ADF test is performed with trend and intercept in the model. Table 4: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at levelsVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -0.838 0.8077 -2.825 0.1881UNEMP -1.398 0.5833 -2.503 0.3265GROWTH -5.671 0.0000 -5.587 0.0000INF -1.313 0.6231 -3.163 0.1032Since the series (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are not-stationary at levels, we take first difference for these three series. After taking the first differenced for IMMIG, UNEMP and INF series, the ADF test are then performed, as shown in table 5. Now these three variables are stationary at the first difference and they are said to be integrated of first order. Table 5: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at first differenceVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -6.516 0.0000 -6.520 0.0000UNEMP -4.582 0.0001 -4.523 0.0014INF -7.967 0.0000 -7.891 0.0000 The results obtained from Zivot and Andrews test of unit are shown table 6. GDP growth rate has same results like in previous tests which is stationary at level with constant and trend and without trend. Unemployment rate and immigration are non-stationary series with or without trend. The inflation rate is stationary without trend but non-stationary when including trend term in the model. Zivot and Andrews test was reformed after taking first difference of the three non-stationary time series. The unemployment, immigration and inflation rate have a strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis of unit root at first difference.Table 6. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at levels)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Break Year Test statistics Z(t) Break YearIMMIG -4.167 2006 -3.698 2002UNEMP -5.313 1992 -3.841 1997GROWTH -6.001*** 1994 -5.180*** 2005INF -5.025** 1992 -3.830 1977Note: significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level Table 7. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at first difference)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Test statistics Z(t)D. IMMIG -7.032*** -6.413***D.UNEMP -5.600*** -4.632**D.INF -7.092*** -6.896*** Note: *significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level The empirical results of vector autoregressive model are investigated in the form of Granger causality test and Impulse response function. In this thesis, the time series variables used on levels to perform VAR model, because GDP growth rate is stationary on level and the remaining three variables (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are stationary at first difference. As mentioned in section [2.1], various studies have indicated that vector auto regressive model can be estimated on levels of variables.The information criterion is used to select the lag length for a vector autoregressive model with four time series variables. The three information criterion (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) gives same lag length, which is two. But we preferred SBIC for selecting the lag length. After computing the results of vector autoregressive model, there is need to test for autocorrelation of residuals and stability of the model. The LM Test for Residual Autocorrelation is used to test for autocorrelation. The results of the test shows that there is no evidence of autocorrelation found between the residuals. The resulting VAR model gives all eigenvalues less than one and these eigenvalues lies inside the unit circle shown in appendix [A4], which confirms that estimated VAR model is stable.The Granger causality test is performed by using the results of VAR model. Table 8 shows the results of Granger-causality. The null and alternative hypotheses is used for immigration variable are H_0: Immigration does not Granger cause unemployment rateH_1: Immigration granger causes the unemployment rate H_0: Immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the GDP growth rate ? H?_0: Immigration does not Granger cause inflation rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the inflation rateIn first column of table 8 the null hypothesis is shown and degree of freedom is in 2nd column. The next two columns give test statistics value and p-value. We set the level of significance to be at 5%. The degree of freedom for all pairs is used 2, because the estimated VAR model has lag length 2. The results obtained from granger causality test for first null hypothesis have p-value 0.194, which is a clear evidence that we cannot reject null hypothesis. It showed that immigration does not granger cause unemployment rate. For hypothesis about effect of immigration on GDP growth rate, the p-value is 0.35, which means again that we cannot reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate. The same results found in case of immigration and inflation rate hypothesis, where the p-value is 0.186. It is found that immigrations do not granger cause inflation rate. In these three cases we cannot reject the null hypothesis. Table 8: Engle-Granger test for Causality:Null Hypothesis df Chi-sq Prob chi-sq decision IMMIG does not granger cause UNEMP 2 3.2787 0.194 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause GROWTH 2 2.1011 0.350 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause INF 2 3.3626 0.186 Do not reject H0The impulse response function obtained from vector autoregressive model results are presented in figures (6-9). The impulse response function in the figure (7) shows the response of unemployment rate after a shock in the immigration. At first two steps, the resulting effect is negative, but after two steps it has a positively increasing trend till the fourth step. At the fourth step it has a maximum value near 2 and after fourth step it goes down, which eventually disappeared at sixth step. The impulse response function in this case build an idea that immigrations have positive short run relationship with unemployment.The figure (8) displays the response of growth rate to a shock in immigrations. It shows the negative relation in first three years. After the third year, it tends towards positive side and after sixth year it fades away. In figure (9) the response of inflation rate to a shock in immigration show that in first three years it has positive value. But after third years, it is going towards negative side till sixth year and after sixth year it has no effect. It shows that in first years immigration and inflation have positive significance short run relationship and after this period it has negative relation till sixth year. Figure 6: Graph of Impulse Response Function Figure 7: Response of UNEMP to a shock in IMMIG Figure 8: Response of GROWTH to a shock in IMMG Figure 9: Response of INF to a shock in IMMG ? ConclusionsThe main objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of immigration on macro-economic variables in Sweden. In this study unemployment rate, GDP growth rate and inflation rate are considered as the economic variables. The annual data for period 1970-2014 is used to examine the relationship between these variables in Sweden. We estimated VAR model for a short run relationship. The estimated VAR model satisfied the stability condition and by using Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test for autocorrelation, it was made sure that there is no autocorrelation between the residuals at any lag order 2. The granger causality analysis performed by using the results of VAR model. The granger causality results shows that the immigration does not effect the unemployment rate, growth rate and inflation rate in Sweden during the study period. It is concluded that immigration has no short run relationship with these three macro-economic variables. The results obtained from impulse response function shows that the immigration has short run positive relationship with the unemployment rate after first few years. On the other hand, the immigration have negative effect on growth rate in first three periods, but after these periods, the reverse effect has been observed. There is a positive relationship found in first two years between immigration and inflation rate. But after two years it has negative relationship between immigration and inflation rate. The impulse response function results shows that immigration affect these economic variables for five to six periods and after that it have no such effect. This indicates that in the beginning the immigrants does not participate in the economic growth. One probable cause of this could be the exposure to a new language in Sweden, which produces language barriers. Which also verifies that the GDP growth rate becomes static relative to the immigrations after few years, since language barrier is a temporary effect. However, considering more economic variables which could be affected by the immigration may lead to more findings in Sweden’s economic growth. Moreover, increasing the sample size of the study variables could yield more improved results. How to cite Data Analysis, Papers